Although a great variety of well known and established process technologies in malting and brewing is available there is still a potential for innovations intending improvements in product quality and economics. While conventional processes may be optimized in terms of parametrization, process engineering knowledge known from food processing may, on the other hand, be integrated into malt, beer and hop product manufacturing. Due to their impact on the quality of the final beer, the process steps of malt and wort production hold a key role.
The progress in breeding leads to new barley varieties with modified malting properties. Within systematic malting trials the influence of a variation of germination parameters, such as water content, germination temperature and germination duration on the malt and beer quality including flavor stability was investigated. Further, barley varieties having different modification profiles in terms of proteolysis, cytolysis and amylolysis were observed. Here, a moderate proteolysis is preferable, which provides sufficient free amino nitrogen (FAN) for yeast nutrition as well as a sufficient high molecular nitrogen content for a proper foam stability. An extensive cytolysis lowers the risk of filtration problems and increases extract yield. The influence of the barley variety on the beer flavor was detected by GC analysis of malt flavor compounds. More over, two-row winter barley varieties seem to be suitable for brewing purposes if the raw protein content is by approximately by 1 % lower compared to summer varieties. For the first time, special processing techniques, such as fluidized bed drying, were investigated. Further, a new kilning method with different withering but comparable final kilning characteristics compared to classic floor kilning methods was developed.
Beside the enzymatic modification during germination, the mechanical modification of milling was observed. Engineering aspects were focused when determining the operation limits of a two-roller mill for wet milling. The roller gap of a two-roller mill for wet milling expands by approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mm when fully loaded. Further, the oxidation of lipids during milling was investigated because of its important impact on the flavor stability of the final beer. The influence of barley variety, origin, malt storage conditions, grist storage conditions, grist fineness, milling and steeping temperature during wet milling as well as of the acrospire fraction is presented. A milling conception for conserving the acrospires was developed. High mashing-in temperatures (>60°C), possibly combined with mash acidification, lower the oxidation of lipids. In order to cope with cytolytic shortcomings of the malt and to improve the filterability of the beer a system of “fractionated milling” was developed, which allows an improvement of β-glucan degradation during mashing. Here, after digestion of insufficiently modified grist particles the enzymatic β-glucan degradation is enhanced by addition mashing of the remaining grist fraction.
Milling and mashing have to be coordinated with regard to malt quality and different lauter methods. More over, mashing represents the final step of degradation and dissolving of malt components and therefore, is responsible for an optimum yield and wort quality. In order to gain further knowledge systematic mashing trials were undertaken under variation of time of mash stands, temperature, grist fineness, grist-liquor ratio and malt modification. Besides, online monitoring methods for the mashing process were evaluated leading to the conclusion that the conductivity correlates with FAN content as long as the saccharification temperature is not reached yet. Proteolytic and cytolytic modification should take place during malting since corrections are difficult to carry out later on during mashing. A comparison of infusion and decoction mashing method allowed the conclusion that the final beer quality is comparable if the temperature sequence of infusion mashing is similar to that of the remaining mash in the decoction method. Further, the possibilities of using unmalted barley were evaluated with the result that up to 20 % of barley may be processed without the addition of exogenic enzymes. Besides, mashing was considered under energetic aspects. Since mashing influences the profile of low molecular sugars in wort, too, consequences for yeast metabolism and therefore for the flavor profile of the resulting beer should be expected. As a result of these investigations the “maltase mashing procedure” was created which allows to precisely adjust the ester content of the beer via the glucose:maltose ratio. Beyond this, the requirements of wort quality for a continuous maturation were acquired.
Since a high extract yield requires a proper lautering step the optimization of the lautering process by the means of fuzzy logic is introduced, which caused shorter lautering durations. The chances of lautering using membranes were evaluated by trials with shear gap filters and vibration membrane filtration systems (VMF). Particularly the formation of face layers on the membranes and their consequences for the wort quality are elucidated. Thus, proteins being advantageous for foam stability as well as β-glucan are retained. The performance of membranes was not only investigated in terms of mash filtration but also in numerous trials regarding beer filtration. Here, chemical and instrumental methods, such as infrared spectroscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and scanning electron microscopy, were applied. Zeta potential measurements were suitable for online monitoring of the degree of blockage, even before a pressure increase was detected. Due to enzymatic cleaning using cellulases the face layers could be degraded and the permeability of the membrane could be re-established.
Wort boiling as a thermal process step has major influence on the flavor and taste profile of the final beer. The options of wort boiling and wort treatment are presented and discussed. Beside the evaluation of conventional boiling systems, such as internal boiler, external boiler and high temperature wort boiling, new boiling systems were developed and introduced in industrial scale in cooperation with brewhouse suppliers. Particularly the various options of applying vacuum evaporation lead to innovative boiling solutions, which were investigated and evaluated. In order to reduce unwanted thermal reactions a technology of wort pre-cooling prior to whirlpool operation were developed and launched into the market. Additionally, a boiling technology based on microwave application was investigated for the first time. Another technology, referred as “fractionated boiling”, was developed in which the first wort is boiled separately from sparging run-offs.
Thanks to the re-use of residual beers, beers returned from customers and beers contained in yeast, breweries were given the opportunity to minimize beer loss. The opportunities to re-use these so-called process beers in the brewhouse are highlighted. More over, the opportunities of recycling treated and untreated vapor condensates are described. Their re-use as cooling water for evaporation condensers and as caustic cleaning agent proved to be suitable.
After boiling and hot trub/break remove a separation of cold break may follow. Industrial scale trials to investigate cold trub separation by centrifuges, cold wort filtration and flotation are presented and their consequences on fermentation and beer quality are described. In case of proper hot trub remove and high yeast vitality the cold break separation may be omitted.
When considering hops as a raw material a direct transfer of aroma compounds, that is essential oils of the hops, into wort and thus beer takes place, determining its smell. The influence of the bitter varieties Merkur und Magnum as well as that of the aroma varieties Saphir, Perle and Tettnanger on the beer quality is presented. Saphir shows a high analytical and sensory degree of aroma transfer expressed in high contents of the key indicator linalool as well as a flowery smell of the beer. Beside the brewing trials dealing with the influence of the hop variety the opportunities of influencing the sensory characteristics of the resulting beer are described. Thus, an addition of a aroma hop variety right at the start of boiling leads to increased contents of polyphenols and improved sensory evaluations compared to brews with solely bitter hopping. By applying downstream products of hops the bitter substance yield, microbiological stability and foam stability may be increased. It is also described, how different hop products appear in terms of their ability of sensory bittering compared to iso-α acid. From the conversion factors created the brewer may gain the dosage of a particular downstream product, which is required to attain a favored sensory bitter impression. Finally, the storage conditions that were found to be suitable for different hop products to maintain a high beer quality are presented.
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