Satellite and sensor-based systems of site-specific fertilization have been developed almost exclusively in conventional farming. Agronomic and ecological advantages can also be expected from these digital methods in organic farming. However, it has not yet been investigated whether the algorithms and models are also applicable under organic farming conditions. In this study, the digital data and systems tested in the years 2021 and 2022 in southern Germany were (a) reflectance measurements with a tractor-mounted multispectral sensor, calculation of the vegetation index REIP, and application of algorithms; (b) satellite data in combination with the plant growth model PROMET; and (c) determination of the vegetation index NDVI based on satellite data. They were used to determine plant parameters (crop yield, biomass potential) and to calculate nitrogen balances at a high spatial resolution (10 $\times$ 10 m). The digital systems were tested at two sites with different organic farming systems (arable farming and dairy farming). Validation of the digital methods was carried out with ground-truth data from manual biomass sampling and combine harvester yield measurement. The nitrate leaching risk from the crop rotations of the farms was analyzed via site-specific N balancing using multi-year satellite data. The N balances were validated by measuring nitrate concentrations in leakage water. Additionally, soil properties, such as soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), were measured at the sub-field level. Using geostatistics, plant data, soil properties, and nitrate measurements were transferred into grids of the same resolution to enable correlation analyses. The correlations between yield determined with digital systems and the validation data were up to r = 0.77. Site-specific N balancing showed moderately positive correlations with nitrate concentrations in leakage water (r = 0.50--0.66). The strongly positive influence of the soil properties SOC and TN on crop yields underlines the importance of soil organic matter on soil fertility and site-specific yield potentials. The results show that digital methods allow the spatially high-resolution determination of yields and nitrogen balances in organic farming. This can be the basis for new management strategies in organic farming, e.g., the targeted use of limited nutrients to increase yields. Further validations under differentiated soil, climate, and management conditions are required to develop remote and proximal sensing applications in organic farming. o̧pyright 2023 by the authors.
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Satellite and sensor-based systems of site-specific fertilization have been developed almost exclusively in conventional farming. Agronomic and ecological advantages can also be expected from these digital methods in organic farming. However, it has not yet been investigated whether the algorithms and models are also applicable under organic farming conditions. In this study, the digital data and systems tested in the years 2021 and 2022 in southern Germany were (a) reflectance measurements with...
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