Protein secretion by proteolytic ectodomain shedding is a key biological process involved in physiology. Two members of the ‘A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM10 and ADAM17, are major sheddases with ubiquitous expression patterns and over 100 described substrates. As such, they are involved in a multitude of pathophysiological processes. Therefore, targeting these proteases in disease conditions is considered a promising therapeutic approach. Deciphering the molecular consequences of proteolysis is crucial for understanding disease pathogenesis and the discovery of novel therapeutic opportunities.
In this doctoral thesis, I explore proteolytic events in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and COVID-19.
In the first part of this thesis, I investigate the consequence of ADAM17 loss of function in microglia using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics, and discover that the triggering-receptor on myeloid cells (TREM2), which is a genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, is majorly controlled by the IRHOM2/ADAM17 shedding machinery, thereby providing a plausible mechanistic explanation for why genetic associations of ADAM17 and IRHOM2 could alter disease onset.
The sudden onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shifted global research efforts to the study of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is known to undergo ADAM17-dependent ectodomain shedding. However, the involvement of ADAM17 in SARS-CoV-2 disease pathogenesis is largely unclear.
In the second part of this thesis, using a variety of biochemical and virological techniques, I discover that, in addition to the already known cellular entry routes, there is also a metalloprotease-dependent pathway. Moreover, I made the surprising observation that ADAM metalloproteases can directly cleave the spike protein of the coronavirus, triggering pathological lung cell fusion.
In conclusion, this thesis provides an explanation for the increased risk posed by (epi-) genetic variants of IRHOM2 and ADAM17, as they significantly influence the cleavage of TREM2. Furthermore, I have identified ADAM10 and ADAM17 as significant host factors for COVID-19, deciphering new crucial biological concepts in the fields of protease and coronavirus biology.
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Protein secretion by proteolytic ectodomain shedding is a key biological process involved in physiology. Two members of the ‘A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM10 and ADAM17, are major sheddases with ubiquitous expression patterns and over 100 described substrates. As such, they are involved in a multitude of pathophysiological processes. Therefore, targeting these proteases in disease conditions is considered a promising therapeutic approach. Deciphering the molecular conseq...
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