The membrane-bound glycoprotein dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) is a unique multifunctional protein, acting as a receptor, a binding molecule and a proteolytic enzyme. We have determined the sequence and the 1.8 Å crystal structure of native DP IV prepared from porcine kidney, as well as DP IV complexes with the dipeptide-mimicking substrate analog p-Iodo-Phe-Pyr-CN, a tButyl-Gly-Pro-Ile tripeptide, a piperazine purine compound, and an aminoethyl phenyl sulfonylfluoride. The crystal structure revealed a 2-2-2 symmetric tetrameric assembly, which depends on the natively glycosylated β-propeller blade IV. Each subunit comprises two structural domains, an N-terminal eight-bladed beta-propeller with open Velcro topology and a C-terminal α/β-hydrolase domain. A dipeptide-mimicking inhibitor complexed to the active site discloses key determinants for substrate recognition, including a Glu-Glu motif which distinguishes DP IV as an aminopeptidase, and an oxyanion trap which binds and activates the P1-carbonyl oxygen necessary for efficient post-proline cleavage. The rigidity and flexibility of the active site and its influence on the substrate hydrolysis could be shown by aditional inhibitor structures. The piperazine purine compound and the sulfonylfluoride bind to the active-site groove in a compact and quite bulky manner, respectively, causing considerable shifts of the catalytic Ser630 side chain and of the Tyr547 phenolic group, which in normal catalysis forms part of the oxyanion hole. The tripeptide mimicking a real peptide substrate is clamped to the active site through tight interactions via its N-terminal α-ammonium group and the P1-Pro side chain, under formation of a stable tetrahedral intermediate of its scissile carbonyl with Ser630 Oγ. The reason for this stable trapping of the tripeptide could be stabilization of the His740 imidazolium group by the adjacent negatively charged carboxylate of the C-terminal P1'-Ile residue, preventing completion of the proton transfer to the leaving group nitrogen. DP IV does not appear to possess distinct subsites beyond S1'. Docking experiments with the compact rigid 58 residue trypsin inhibitor aprotinin, which had been shown to be cleaved by DP IV, indicate that the N-terminus can only access the active site upon a widening of its "side opening", probably by separation of the first and the last propeller blades, and of the catalytic and the propeller domain.
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The membrane-bound glycoprotein dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) is a unique multifunctional protein, acting as a receptor, a binding molecule and a proteolytic enzyme. We have determined the sequence and the 1.8 Å crystal structure of native DP IV prepared from porcine kidney, as well as DP IV complexes with the dipeptide-mimicking substrate analog p-Iodo-Phe-Pyr-CN, a tButyl-Gly-Pro-Ile tripeptide, a piperazine purine compound, and an aminoethyl phenyl sulfonylfluoride. The crystal struct...
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