In our study, a standardized protocol of reamed exchange nailing proved as an
effective and safe method in the treatment of aseptic tibial shaft nonunion. In 83% of cases, closed nonunion treatment was performed without surgical opening of the nonunion site. Reamed exchange nailing and dynamic compression of the nonunion site resulted in increased stability with the possibility of early and unrestricted weight bearing, high patient comfort with little pain and discomfort, as well as good functional outcome [28]. Key steps for successful healing included closed nonunion treatment, correction of axis deviation, limited reaming and biological augmentation by internal reaming graft, increased rotational and axial stability by insertion of an increased nail diameter and by dynamic compression of the nonunion site.
In our study, the mechanical advantages of the increased nail diameter represented the key feature. Penzkofer et al. demonstrated, that the axial and rotational stability increased significantly with an increase in nail diameter. In addition, the application of interlocking screws with a diameter of 5mm significantly increased rotational stability compared to 4mm diameter interlocking screws [46]. This concept was supported by studies on femoral nonunion where a positive correlation between reaming diameter and nail size of at least 2mm larger than the primary nail and the fracture union rate was demonstrated [9, 68]. In addition, the distribution of axial forces and compression at the nonunion site was very important. This was ensured by applying dynamic compression with insertion of an interlocking and a compression screw.
Postoperatively, unrestricted weight bearing also contributed to axial compression of the nonunion site. However, a major concern of the reaming process was the detrimental effect of heat created by the drill bit resulting in necrosis and impairment of bone healing. In order to prevent excessive heat during exchange nailing, a sharp reamer was utilized and the reaming process was limited to a nail diameter that is filling the intramedullary canal and is 2 mm larger than the previous nail. An advantageous effect of the first two to three initial reaming steps was the debridement of the intramedullary canal. Fibrotic tissue was removed and was irrigated. Interestingly, additional beneficial effects of limited reaming recently have been described as reaming graft has been shown to result in improvement of local biology and stimulation of bone healing at the nonunion site. In addition, using reaming debris instead of stem cells or autologous bone marrow grafting did not require an additional surgical procedure to harvest biological material [25]. Reaming debris contained viable osteoblast-like cells and growth factors, and thus, may act as a natural osteo-inductive scaffold [3]. In a sheep tibia model, bones treated with reaming debris showed larger callus volume, increased bone volume, and decreased cartilage volume in the fracture gap, as well as increased torsional stiffness compared to the unreamed group [20]. Other animal models suggested that unreamed and limited reamed intramedullary nails provided improved healing of tibia fractures compared with extensively reamed nails [34].
Limited reaming may induce angiogenesis and may therefore be beneficial for
stimulating the amount of bone formation around a critical-sized defect. Several
studies have demonstrated that the direction of blood flow reversed from centrifugal to centripetal after loss of the endosteal supply and resulted in a six- fold increase in the periosteal flow compared to the unreamed contralateral tibiae served as a control group [48]. In addition, limited reaming may improve blood flow in the surrounding soft tissues as demonstrated by Schemitsch et al., who conducted a fractured sheep tibia model and found that perfusion in the surrounding tibia muscle was significantly higher in the reamed group than in the unreamed group [55]. In our opinion, to prevent excessive heat during exchange nailing, a sharp reamer should be utilized and the reaming process should be limited to a nail diameter that is filling the intramedullary canal and is 2mm larger than the previous nail.
An additional unique property of the lower leg is the double bone structure with both tibial and fibular bones. Often, rapid osseous healing of the fibula preceded the tibial bone healing causing a mechanical blockage, and preventing fracture dynamization and compression of the tibial fracture. The question, if and when a fibula osteotomy should be performed was controversially discussed [6, 30, 69]. Therefore, in our study, fibula osteotomy was indicated as standard procedure in patients in which complete healing of a fibula fracture caused mechanical blockage and prevented compression of the nonunion area, persistence of nonunion gap formation, and inability to reduce axis deviation. For fibula osteotomy, we typically resected a fibula bone fragment of approximately 1cm, and applied dynamic tension band fixation with the intention to dynamically stabilize the fibula fragments, and to provide axis alignment.
Alternatively, oblique osteotomy of the fibula was performed without bone
resection. However, fibula healing may occur rapidly, and fibula fusion may precede nonunion healing of the tibia resulting in recurrence of mechanical blocking and preventing nonunion compression.
In conclusion, reamed intramedullary exchange nailing as described in this study was a safe, reliable and effective treatment of aseptic tibial shaft nonunion with high rate of bone healing, and good radiological and functional outcome.
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In our study, a standardized protocol of reamed exchange nailing proved as an
effective and safe method in the treatment of aseptic tibial shaft nonunion. In 83% of cases, closed nonunion treatment was performed without surgical opening of the nonunion site. Reamed exchange nailing and dynamic compression of the nonunion site resulted in increased stability with the possibility of early and unrestricted weight bearing, high patient comfort with little pain and discomfort, as well as good functi...
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