The results obtained in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the immunological mechanisms driving priming and expansion of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells with viral vectors. The study provides a basis for rationally adapting antigens to induce strong target CTL immunity while limiting vector-specific responses with vaccines based on recombinant MVA (modified vaccinia virus Ankara). As MVA efficiently infected DC in vivo it was unexpected that the primary response to MVA vaccines is mediated by cross-presentation. This has major consequences for the biological properties of target antigens which require expression as mature long-lived proteins in order to optimally stimulate naïve T cells. In contrast, upon boost vaccinations T cell responses correlated with the capacity of recombinant antigens to get presented via the endogenous route, which could be specifically enhanced by targeting antigen for rapid degradation. Moreover, the obtained data appear to provide the first experimental evidence of a functional role of T cell cross-competition for shaping the immunodominance hierarchy in response to a complex pathogen and suggests strategies to expand T cells in the face of pre-existing anti-vector-immunity.
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