Kleeblattschädel is one of the most severe forms of craniosynostosis and is caused by premature fusion of multiple or all skull sutures. It is associated with several craniofacial syndromes and also occurs in isolated pansynostosis. In this condition cranial sutures close already in utero and the children are born with the typical trilobar skull deformity. Kleeblattschädel deformity is a potentially life-threatening condition that in many cases necessitates emergency intracranial surgery, sometimes even in the very first days of neonatal life. Emergency situations arise with increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus, severe exorbitism and prolaps of the orbital contents. Respiratory problems and upper airway obstruction due to severe midfacial hypoplasia contribute to the high morbidity and mortality in this condition. The treatment of Kleeblattschädel deformity is an extreme challenge for the craniofacial surgeon. This is a retrospective study of nineteen patients with pancraniofacial synostosis and Kleeblattschädel deformity who were evaluated and treated by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kraniofaziale Chirurgie in Munich, Germany, between 1978 and 2003. It represents a 25-year experience of dealing with this complex condition. The surgical management and outcome of our cases is presented and discussed. A review of the literature concerning Kleeblattschädel deformity is presented and discussed with a special emphasis on surgical treatment. Guidelines for the surgical management are proposed and discussed. Surgery on Kleeblattschädel cases should be planned and performed by a competent multidisciplinary craniofacial team. The team should be headed by an experienced craniofacial surgeon and be located at a center of excellence in this field. An individualised treatment plan which is problem orientated needs to be set up for each case. The ideal timing for surgery in our opinion is between 3 and 6 months, and before 12 months of age. State of the art techniques in Kleeblattschädel cases are frontal-orbital advancement (FOM) with simultaneous anterior cranial vault remodelling and if necessary at a second stage posterior cranial vault remodelling (POM) with posterior fossa release. These techniques show good and consistent results. Total cranial vault procedures and strip craniectomies should be avoided as they are associated with higher morbidity and less satisfactory outcomes. Midfacial advancement is indicated in cases with severe midfacial hypoplasia leading to exorbitism or respiratory obstruction. Distraction osteogenesis is a useful technique reinvented for the use in the craniofacial skeleton. Ventriculoperitoneal shunting of CSF before primary craniofacial surgery might be beneficial in cases with increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus. Recent developments in prenatal diagnosis of congenital craniofacial deformities and in foetal surgery suggest that in utero CSF shunting may prevent neurological damage and facilitate elective surgery.
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Kleeblattschädel is one of the most severe forms of craniosynostosis and is caused by premature fusion of multiple or all skull sutures. It is associated with several craniofacial syndromes and also occurs in isolated pansynostosis. In this condition cranial sutures close already in utero and the children are born with the typical trilobar skull deformity. Kleeblattschädel deformity is a potentially life-threatening condition that in many cases necessitates emergency intracranial surgery, someti...
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