The association between malignancies and thrombophilic states has long been established, and thromboembolic complications often occur in patients with malignant diseases. Overexpression of the receptor for the serine protease thrombin involved in coagulation has been reported for tumor tissue cells, although the role of thrombin for the malignant phenotype remains poorly understood. Therefore we speculated that thrombin might regulate proteases, and examined the influence of thrombin on the expression of the Mr 92,000 gelatinase (Mr 92,000 type IVcollagenase, also referred to as MMP-9) in an osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS. We choosed to analyze MMP-9, because it is involved in remodelling of the extracellular matrix and promotes the invasiveness of malignant cells. U-2 OS cells produce no MMP-9 as evidenced by gelatin zymography and Northern blot analysis. Addition of human thrombin to U-2 OS cells, however, induced a dose-dependent increase in secretion of MMP-9. As little as 0.5 U/ml of thrombin induced MMP-9 production and addition of 2 U/ml showed a 5-fold increase of MMP-9 activity. MMP-9 protein secretion was paralleled by an increase in MMP-9 transcription after thrombin stimulation, as shown by Northern blots and transient transfections. The induction of MMP-9 RNA and MMP-9 gelatinase activity began 6 h after thrombin addition and persisted for at least another 18 h. To determine whether the thrombin receptor is involved in the MMP-9 stimulation observed, we made use of the thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP). After 24 h incubations with various concentrations of TRAP, U-2 OS cells showed a dose-dependent increase in gelatinase activity. Transient transfections with several 5´-deletions of the MMP-9 promoter showed that a MMP-9 promoter sequence between -670 and -634 bp is responsible for the induction of MMP-9 at the transcriptional level. Addition of several inhibitors of key signal transduction pathways (SB203580, PD098059, AG1478) did not change MMP-9 induction by thrombin. In contrast, stimulation of MMP-9 with thrombin was prevented by Ly294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3-kinase. Moreover, addition of U-2 OS cells increased cell invasion through the extracellular matrix (Matrigel), indicating that thrombin is increasing invasiveness. Our finding that thrombin is inducing a protease important for degradation of the extracellular matrix (MMP-9) might help to explain the mechanism how thrombin promotes tumor invasion.
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The association between malignancies and thrombophilic states has long been established, and thromboembolic complications often occur in patients with malignant diseases. Overexpression of the receptor for the serine protease thrombin involved in coagulation has been reported for tumor tissue cells, although the role of thrombin for the malignant phenotype remains poorly understood. Therefore we speculated that thrombin might regulate proteases, and examined the influence of thrombin on the expr...
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