In most intracellular degradation processes, proteins are first targets of ATP-dependent proteases. In general, these proteases are large macromolecular complexes of barrel-shaped architecture. The active sites are compartimentalised and therefore have their own reaction chambers. Folded proteins usually cannot access these compartments. They have to be bound specifically by ATPases to be unfolded and further translocated towards the catalytical centre. Proteases such as the Proteasome digest these unfolded substrates to oligopeptides of 6-12 amino acids, which, in turn, are released from the active site. As the degradation products are to be recycled in the cell, the short peptides have to be further hydrolysed to free amino acids. In Thermoplasma acidophilum, the Tricorn-interacting factors, the aminopeptidases F1, F2 and F3, are responsible for this task. The Tricorn protease from Thermoplasma acidophilum is a homohexameric enzyme with a molecular weight of 121 kDa per subunit. The hexamer represents the catalytically active unit and the name Tricorn was derived from its characteristic shape in electron micrographs. In vivo, an icosahedrical, supramolecular structure composed of 20 hexameric units and a molecular weight of 14,6 MDa can be observed, which might function to efficiently channel substrates from the Tricorn active sites towards the interacting factors (F1, F2, F3). These aminopeptidases hydrolyse the products derived from the Tricorn protease to free amino acids. For the x-ray-crystallographic examinations presented in this work, recombinantly expressed Tricorn hexamers were crystallized and analysed by ab initio phasing. A combination of a mask model calculated from cryoEM-3D reconstructions with measured crystal data resulted in a structure model of high resolution. Completing molecular replacement techniques led to a structure model of 2,2 Å resolution. The monomeric Tricorn protease is subdivided into 5 domains, in which at first a 7-bladed β-propeller follows a 6-bladed β-propeller. Attached hereunto is a catalytical domain with α/β-topology, the sequence of which is interrupted by a PDZ domain. Additionally, structural analyses on a functional homolog of the Tricorn protease, the Trilobed protease from Pyrococcus furiosus were carried out. The name of this peptidase was also deduced from its electron microscopic shape which resembles a trefoil. Suitable crystallisation conditions were established for the N-terminal domain as well as for the whole enzyme. From x-ray-crystallographic investigations of the N-terminal domain, a 2,0 Å model was calculated revealing a 7-bladed β-propeller. The Trilobed propeller domain as well as the propeller domains of the Tricorn protease belong to the family of non-velcro propellers, where the ring closure interface between the first and the last blade stays open. Finally, with the help of a tertiary structure prediction program, a hypothetical model of the whole Trilobed enzyme was presented but still requires an independent x-ray-crystallographic verification.
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In most intracellular degradation processes, proteins are first targets of ATP-dependent proteases. In general, these proteases are large macromolecular complexes of barrel-shaped architecture. The active sites are compartimentalised and therefore have their own reaction chambers. Folded proteins usually cannot access these compartments. They have to be bound specifically by ATPases to be unfolded and further translocated towards the catalytical centre. Proteases such as the Proteasome digest th...
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