The term molecular chaperones comprises a group of highly specialised proteins preventing folding intermediates of other proteins from unproductive reactions such as aggregation or misfolding. The HSP60 proteins (heat shock proteins with a molecular mass of 60 kDa per subunit) or chaperonins are a particular subclass of the molecular chaperones. They are cylindrical, multimeric double-ring complexes providing a hydrophilic compartment for non-native polypeptides. In these almost sealed off cavities, the (re-)folding reaction can be accomplished unaffected from the crowded cell environment. All chaperonins share the same subunit architecture: ATP-hydrolysis takes place at the equatorial domains which are connected to the substrate-binding or apical domains via flexible hinge or intermediate regions. The group I or GroEL-homologous chaperonins which occur in bacteria and eukaryotic cell organells of bacterial decent close their folding compartment with the help of the co-chaperonin GroES. Instead of that, the archaeal thermosomes as well as the eukaryotic CCT or TRiC (CCT for Chaperonin Containing TCP-1, TRiC for TCP-1 Ring Complex) as representatives of the group II chaperonins possess a built-in lid segment in the form of a helical protrusion motif emanating from the globular core region of the substrate-binding domains. In the open state of the group II chaperonins, these helical and primarily hydrophobic protrusions are exposed circumferentially at the rims of the central cavities. During the transition to the closed state, the whole complex is subjected to large, quarternary conformational changes. The apical domains are rotating inwards clockwise, so that all protrusions now form the lid segment, similar to a photographic lens aperture. Thus, their hydrophobic patches occlude each other contributing to the hydrophilic interior of the cylinder in that way. In the crystal structures of the separately expressed α-subunit apical domain (αADT) of the thermosome from Thermoplasma acidophilum as well as the closed form of the whole thermosome complex, significant structural discrepancies in the protrusion regions, but not in the globular parts of the apical domains were discovered. In the course of this work, the crystal structure of the β-subunit apical domain (βADT) was solved in addition and compared to the atomic thermosomal structures already known. Thereby, the existence of different secondary structural elements, especially in the N-terminal protrusion parts of each of the present crystal structures despite of high sequence homology became evident. αADT even fulfilled the criteria of a chameleon sequence. A considerable influence of the crystal contacts on the structures of all apical domains gave reason to further investigations by means of NMR-spectroscopy. While the core regions of the domains turned out to be of rather rigid character, the N-terminal protrusion parts showed no significant tendency to form distinct secondary structural elements in solution. In contrast to the x-ray structures, they even featured high flexibility and a pronounced propensity for conformational disorder. Because of their hydrophobicity and their high amount of conserved residues, the protrusion regions have already previously been suggested to be involved in substrate binding in addition to their sealing function for the folding compartment. The results of the structural investigations presented in this work confirmed this possibility. Continuative sequence analyses highlighted several clusters, which might, in principle, be well suited for substrate recognition due to their exposed position in a hypothetically open state of the thermosome and their high degree of conservation in all group II chaperonin sequences known so far.
«
The term molecular chaperones comprises a group of highly specialised proteins preventing folding intermediates of other proteins from unproductive reactions such as aggregation or misfolding. The HSP60 proteins (heat shock proteins with a molecular mass of 60 kDa per subunit) or chaperonins are a particular subclass of the molecular chaperones. They are cylindrical, multimeric double-ring complexes providing a hydrophilic compartment for non-native polypeptides. In these almost sealed off cavit...
»