The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1) is highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and is crucial for cerebellar motor function. At parallel fiber (PF) - PN synapses, activation of mGluR1 evokes a complex response consisting of a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (sEPSP) mediated by the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel TRPC3 and inositoltrisphosphate receptor- (IP3R)-dependent calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores. In non-excitable cell types ER calcium store replenishment requires the interaction between the ER calcium sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the calcium channel Orai1 in the plasma membrane (PM). Calcium homeostasis is less well studied in neurons, and the mechanism of TRPC3 activation downstream of mGluR1 is unknown. In cerebellar PNs, STIM1 controls both ER calcium stores and the TRPC3-mediated sEPSP. However, mGluR1-responsiveness is fully yet transiently rescued in the absence of STIM1 in PN-specific STIM1 knockout (STIM1pko) mice by calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). The aim of this work was to elucidate how TRPC3 activation is regulated by calcium and how this relates to calcium homeostasis in cerebellar PNs.
Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in combination with confocal calcium imaging in acute cerebellar slices from STIM1pko mice I first showed that the rescue of TRPC3 activability by depolarization for one second outlasts the resulting calcium transient by minutes, is not sensitive to the antagonist of SERCAs cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and the “slow” calcium chelator EGTA but was abolished by intracellular perfusion with the “fast” calcium buffer BAPTA. Thus, TRPC3 is not regulated by direct binding of calcium ions but by PM-delimited nanodomain coupling of a calcium-binding regulator to a STIM1-controlled calcium conductance such as Orai1. In the brain, however, the homolog of Orai1, Orai2, is more abundant than Orai1. The significance of this specific expression pattern for neuronal function is not known.
Using a quantitative RT-PCR approach I confirmed that Orai2 is the most abundant Orai subunit in the cerebellum. Immunostaining proved the presence of Orai2 protein in the somatodendritic compartment of PNs in wild type mice and normal PN morphology. Streptavidin-staining of biocytin-filled PNs in cerebellar slices demonstrate normal morphology of PNs in general (Orai2-/-) and PN-specific (Orai2pko) knockout mice. However, behavioral tests revealed motor impairments in both Orai2-/- and Orai2pko mice. In both Orai2-/- and Orai2pko mice synaptic and agonist activation of mGluR1, IP3 uncaging, and local application of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist caffeine showed that calcium release from the ER and TRPC3 activation are practically eliminated in the absence of Orai2. Again, mGluR1-dependent responses were rescued transiently by VGCC-mediated calcium influx, although with lower efficiency compared to STIM1pko mice. Similarly to STIM1pko mice, this rescue was not sensitive to CPA or EGTA but to BAPTA.
These data point to an essential role of Orai2 in PNs and very likely neurons in general. At rest, it is the ion channel that is responsible for ER calcium store replenishment. Moreover, by enabling the coupling between mGluR1 and TRPC3 it is directly involved in synaptic transmission, neuronal activity and sensorimotor integration in the cerebellum.
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The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1) is highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and is crucial for cerebellar motor function. At parallel fiber (PF) - PN synapses, activation of mGluR1 evokes a complex response consisting of a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (sEPSP) mediated by the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel TRPC3 and inositoltrisphosphate receptor- (IP3R)-dependent calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores. In n...
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