Proteins play a fundamental role in nearly all biological processes by interacting with other proteins, nucleic acids or small molecules. The interplay of proteins and macromolecules can lead to the assembly of structurally complex and highly dynamic molecular machines, with diverse functions in gene expression, cell growth, cell cycle, metabolic pathways, signal transduction, protein folding and transport. The nature of these interactions is governed by the three-dimensional structures of the proteins involved. Therefore, research into the structure and function of proteins (structural biology) has become indispensable in life sciences. Besides X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is applied to determine the structure of biological macromolecules. Moreover NMR is essentially the only method to detect dynamics on a wide range of timescales, ranging from ns to days, on sub-molecular level in solution.
The present thesis delivers two conclusive examples, where knowledge of the protein structure has provided critical insight into the function, and accordingly, the rationale behind cell biology assays to validate the structural findings. The first study reveals novel structural aspects in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing regulation by the protein Sam68. The second study addresses the question of how Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), a parasitic worm, can manipulate and exploit the host immune system by only a single glycoprotein named interleukin-4-inducing principle of S. mansoni eggs (IPSE/alpha-1).
Chapter 1 introduces NMR as an important tool in structural biology. Additionally, certain aspects of gene regulation and immunobiology, which are related to the structural projects of the thesis, are reviewed.
Chapter 2 provides a structural and functional characterization of the Src associated during mitosis, 68 kDa protein (Sam68). Sam68 is a member of the signal transducer and acativator of RNA (STAR) domain family, which regulate certain aspects of RNA metabolism, e.g. alternative mRNA splicing. Typically, the STAR domain has a Qua1-KH-Qua2 domain organisation. The solution structure of its Qua1 homodimerization domain was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The two monomers assemble perpendicular with respect to each other in an unusual arrangement of four helices. This interaction is critical for the function of Sam68 in alternative RNA splicing, as revealed by a cell-based mutational assay. Similar to its sequence homolog human splicing factor 1 (SF1), the RNA-binding K homology (KH) domain is extended by the Qua2 domain, which contacts the target RNA. Unlike SF1, a novel N-terminal extension of the KH-fold, may contribute to the RNA binding of Sam68. These findings could explain the differential RNA binding specificities of the two proteins. Binding of Sam68 to its target RNA guides the constitutive splicing factor U2 auxiliary factor, 65 kDa (U2AF65) to alternative splice sites. NMR titration experiments show, that U2AF65 can bind to the C-terminus of Sam68. This interaction most likely stabilizes the binding of U2AF65 to pre-mRNA regulatory sequences and initiates the formation of the spliceosome at weak splice sites. These data conclusively correlate the structure of Sam68 to its cellular function and reveal how Sam68 regulates the targeting of the spliceosome to alternative splice sites.
Chapter 3 describes the structural analysis of the interleukin-4-inducing principle of S. mansoni eggs (IPSE/alpha-1), a major immunogenic component of S. mansoni. The stimulation of a T-helper 2 cell (TH2) response of the host's immune system upon infection with S. mansoni involves the specific binding of IPSE/alpha-1 to IgE antibodies on the surface of basophilic granulocytes, which is not mediated by the canonical antigen-antibody interaction. I was able to solve the solution structure of the IPSE/alpha-1 and show that it is a protein of the β/γ-crystallin family. It bears unique structural features which enable the protein to specifically bind to Immunoglobulin (Ig) E. I identified a large positively charged interaction interface on IPSE/alpha-1, presumably binding to a negatively charged patch, provided by the asymmetrically bent IgE molecule. This binding supports a model of basophile activation, which is triggered by the binding of IPSE/alpha-1 to receptor-bound IgE. Presumably, a conformational changes of the IgE molecule leads to subsequent IgE-receptor activation. The implications from this specific protein-protein interaction enhance our understanding on the mechanisms involved in the manipulation of the host's immune system by S. mansoni.
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Proteins play a fundamental role in nearly all biological processes by interacting with other proteins, nucleic acids or small molecules. The interplay of proteins and macromolecules can lead to the assembly of structurally complex and highly dynamic molecular machines, with diverse functions in gene expression, cell growth, cell cycle, metabolic pathways, signal transduction, protein folding and transport. The nature of these interactions is governed by the three-dimensional structures of the p...
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