Toll-like receptors (TLR) are signaling receptors of innate immunity, which elicit and trigger an immune response after contact to a cognate pathogen. These receptors recognize different components, e.g. bacterial lipoploysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagellin and double-stranded RNA, respectively. In this work, human and murine Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 were identified, cloned and examined. The main focus of this thesis was the identification of ligands for TLR7 and TLR8. First, by using a transient transfection system based on HEK293-cells, a mixture of the nucleosides guanosin and uridine could be identified as a ligand for human, but not murine TLR8. The antiviral compound R-848 (resiquimod) which belongs to the family of imidazoquinolines was first identified as synthetic stimulus for human TLR8 and murine TLR7. In further studies another synthetic compound could be identified activating exclusively human and murine TLR7. This compound named loxoribine (7-ally-7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanosine) is an analog of the purinbase guanosine and features antiviral and antitumor activity. The loxoribine-mediated activation of immune cells via TLR7 could also be shown by the utilization of TLR7- and MyD88-deficient mice. Finally, single-stranded GU-rich RNA oligonucleotides could be defined as the first physiological ligand for human TLR8 and murine TLR7. The sequence was derived from the GU-rich U5-region of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1, RNA40). Two further variants of this RNA-oligonucleotide were synthesized in which all uridines or all guanosines, were replaced by adenosines, respectively. In our transient transfection system, a induction of NF-κB through human TLR8 could be elicited either by RNA40 or RNA42. Further, TLR7-deficient murine cells showed a complete abolishment of the wildtype-cells specific secretion of inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with RNA40 (In this context, neither RNA41 nor RNA42 showed any effect). In addition, it could be shown that activation of TLR7 and TLR8 is depending on endosomal maturation. In contrast to TLR2 and 4, which are expressed on the cell surface, TLR9 is known to be localized in intracellular vesicles and to be contingent on endosomal maturation. Due to the sequence homology among TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8 we examined if TLR7 and TLR8 also showed these characteristics. TLR7 and TLR8 mediated signaling could be decreased concentration-dependent by the inhibitors of endosomal maturation, bafilomycin A1 and Rab5 GTPase-mutant. Therefore TLR7, 8 and 9 form a subfamily within the TLRs that is expressed in intracellular compartments and recognizes intracellular nucleic acids. In further addition, a monoclonal antibody was generated against human TLR8. First, an expression vector was constructed enabling the expression and subsequent purification of a human TLR8-fusion-protein. After producing sufficient amounts of protein, mice were injected for immunization. Antibody secreting hybridomas were generated using the protocol established by Kohler and Milstein and four clones secreting a monoclonal antibody against human TLR8 were established.
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Toll-like receptors (TLR) are signaling receptors of innate immunity, which elicit and trigger an immune response after contact to a cognate pathogen. These receptors recognize different components, e.g. bacterial lipoploysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagellin and double-stranded RNA, respectively. In this work, human and murine Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 were identified, cloned and examined. The main focus of this thesis was the identification of ligands for TLR7 and TLR8. First, by using a tran...
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