Fast Voltage Sensitive Fluorescent Dyes are membrane-bound, optical probes of membrane potential. They are used to measure voltage transients in nerve cells. Recording signals from individual cells in tissue requires selective staining of these cells. In this work, a novel approach to this unsolved issue is presented. It relies on non-binding dye precursors that are locally activated to bind to cell membranes by the hydrolytic action of a selectively overexpressed, membrane bound enzyme. Based on the structure of the common voltage sensitive hemicyanine dye Di-4-ASPBS, a number of dyes with additional alcohol residues were synthesized. These were introduced either at the hydrophilic headgroup appendix or at the lipophilic tail of the amphiphilic dyes. By further reaction of the alcohol moieties to phosphate groups, potential dye precursors for enzyme induced binding were obtained. It was shown that phosphorylation of the headgroup appendix reduced membrane binding by a factor of 16 to 22 for various dyes. Phosphorylation at the lipophilic tail reduced binding drastically by a factor of 1000 to 10000. An enzymatic assay revealed that all phosphate containing dyes were quantitatively hydrolysed to the respective alcohols by Alkaline Phosphatase from the Human Placenta (PLAP). Using this reaction, fluorescent dye binding activation to model membranes was studied with soluble PLAP and small lipid vesicles, giant lipid vesicles or red blood cells. To obtain a membrane-bound and plasma-membrane targeted construct of PLAP, the gene of a fusion protein of soluble PLAP and an artificial membrane anchor was cloned. This construct was overexpressed in the adherent mammalian cell lines HEK293 and MDCK, and its correct targeting and functionality was ascertained by immunocytochemical and histochemical methods. Incubation of phosphatase expressing cells with dye precursors led to staining of their cell membrane by enzymatic activation of dye binding. Selective staining of phosphatase-expressing cells was successfully implemented when transfected and non-transfected cells were cultured together and incubated with precursor dye. In accordance with a theoretical model of the reaction, the prerequisites of selective staining were a very strong membrane binding of the produced dye and a sufficiently large difference in binding strength compared to the precursor dye.
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Fast Voltage Sensitive Fluorescent Dyes are membrane-bound, optical probes of membrane potential. They are used to measure voltage transients in nerve cells. Recording signals from individual cells in tissue requires selective staining of these cells. In this work, a novel approach to this unsolved issue is presented. It relies on non-binding dye precursors that are locally activated to bind to cell membranes by the hydrolytic action of a selectively overexpressed, membrane bound enzyme. Based o...
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