Multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by immune-mediated axonal degeneration, which is a highly correlated to permanent neurological deficits, is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Focal axonal degeneration (FAD) has been identified in MS and acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), its animal model, as a potential cellular mechanism of this axon degeneration process. In this process, the axonal pathology starts with normal-appearing morphology and focal swellings induced by reactive oxygen species released from immune cells eventually results in irreversible axon fragmentation1.
Decoding the underlying mechanisms that mediate this axon degeneration process is an important step towards developing neuroprotective therapies for MS. Mitochondrial pathology was suggested to be preceding the axonal degeneration in acute neuroinflammation. In this project, we aimed to unveil the intricate roles mitochondria play in the pathogenesis of axonal demise in acute EAE. We first investigated the axonal energy state in acute EAE based on the crucial role of mitochondria as an energy supplier in cellular metabolism. Our results suggested a universal axonal energy deficiency in all stages of FAD in acute inflammatory lesions. The deficits lasted to the chronic phase of acute EAE. Next, we explored the relation of important damage mediators such as calcium and reactive species to mitochondrial and axonal pathology. Somewhat unexpectedly, we found that mitochondrial oxidation and calcium accumulation occur only at the late stages of FAD and are thus unlikely to mediate the initial damage to axons. To obtain a more refined molecular understanding of mitochondrial pathology, we next established an organelle and cell specific proteomic profile of neuronal mitochondria in acute EAE and depicted differentially regulated mitochondrial proteins and pathways related to the energy metabolism. Our data indicated that an early alteration in the components of the TCA cycle further strengthening our hypothesis that profound energy deficits associated with mitochondrial dysfunction are important pathogenetic features in neuroinflammatory lesions.
In conclusion, our results improve our understanding of the subcellular and molecular mechanisms underlying axonal energy deficits in neuroinflammatory lesions and can help pave the way towards the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to reverse such deficits.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by immune-mediated axonal degeneration, which is a highly correlated to permanent neurological deficits, is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Focal axonal degeneration (FAD) has been identified in MS and acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), its animal model, as a potential cellular mechanism of this axon degeneration process. In this process, the axonal pathology starts with normal-appearing morphology and...
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