Coenzyme A is a fundamental cofactor for many synthetic and degradative reactions in intermediary and energy metabolism. It is synthesized in five steps from pantothenate (PA) also known as vitamin B5. Plants, fungi, and bacteria synthesize PA from beta-alanine and pantoate in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme panothenate synthetase (PS), while humans have to assume it with the diet. Recently, coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic genes in bacteria, plants and humans have all been identified and cloned. Phosphorylation of PA, catalyzed by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK), is thought to be the key regulatory step in CoA biosynthesis. Despite our knowledge on CoA synthesis, some aspects of its metabolism are as yet ill understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the regulation of PA in plants and the synthesis of PA in archaea. In an attempt to find a correlation between PA and CoA, both metabolites were quantified in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana between 4 and 21 days after flowering (DAF). The most important observation was that PA levels exceeded CoA levels throughout seed development. The PA content varied between 25 and 250 nmol/g dry weight (DW) while the sum of CoA and acetyl-CoA was always below 25 nmol/g DW. Thus, PA is not rate-limiting for CoA biosynthesis. Accumulation of PA is in agreement with its phosphorylation as the rate-limiting step in the CoA pathway, i.e. with PanK as the major regulator of intracellular CoA levels. The ratio between PA and CoA levels varies more than 10-fold during seed development, indicating that the synthesis of PA is not directly controlled by CoA levels. PA levels were very high at the beginning of seed development with the maximum observed at 5 DAF. Thereafter, PA levels decreased and reached a minimum at 16 DAF. In contrast, the combined CoA and acetyl-CoA levels were very low for young seeds and then reached the maximum at 12 DAF. Towards maturation, CoA levels were very low or undetectable. This is consistent with PA as precursor of CoA and can be plausibly explained by assuming that a substantial amount of newly synthesized CoA is used in fatty acid biosynthesis for the production of acyl carrier protein and long chain acyl-CoA species. In the second part of this work, the archaeal biosynthesis of PA and CoA was investigated. Conserved CoA biosynthetic genes were previously analyzed in ompletely sequenced genomes. This showed that many archaeal genomes contain no homologues to bacterial or eukaryotic genes for the synthesis of 4’-phospho-PA. Using phylogenetic profiling and chromosomal proximity, candidate genes for archaeal PS and PanK enzymes were identified in this group. Putative archaeal PS and PanK genes are contained in the Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG) 1701 and 1829, respectively. The cloned COG1701 genes from M. mazei and M. jannaschii were demonstrated to functionally complement an auxotrophic E. coli strain deficient in the synthesis of PA. The COG1701 gene from M. mazei was then overexpressed in E. coli, and the encoded putative M. mazei PS (MmPS) was purified as a His-tag protein. This enzyme was able to synthesize PA from beta-alanine, pantoate and ATP. The identity of PA was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and by transformation into 4’-phospho-PA using purified PanK from E. coli. HPLC analysis of adenosine nucleotides showed that ATP was hydrolyzed and ADP was formed in the course of the MmPS reaction. Thus, the MmPS-catalyzed reaction differs from the one catalyzed by E. coli PS, which is an AMP-forming synthetase. MmPS is conserved in all archaea (COG1701) but completely unrelated to bacterial PS. This is the first report of an archaeal PS and confirms an earlier hypothesis that proposed, based on comparative genomics, independent evolution of PA biosynthesis in archaea and bacteria.
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Coenzyme A is a fundamental cofactor for many synthetic and degradative reactions in intermediary and energy metabolism. It is synthesized in five steps from pantothenate (PA) also known as vitamin B5. Plants, fungi, and bacteria synthesize PA from beta-alanine and pantoate in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme panothenate synthetase (PS), while humans have to assume it with the diet. Recently, coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic genes in bacteria, plants and humans have all been identified and cloned...
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