Epiphytic diatom communities on herbarium macrophytes were analyzed to reconstruct former nutrient conditions of running waters. As stratified sediments do not exist in lotic ecosystems, stratigraphic diatom analyses yield poor results. Therefore, this study provides a new method to reconstruct the former water quality of running waters and to estimate their reference state as required by the EU Water Framework Directive.A widespread search for historic herbarium specimens was performed on 30 collections resulting in a database with 1742 herbarium specimens of submerged macrophytes with provenance data from running waters in Bavaria, Germany. From this, 136 specimens were chosen to analyze the attached historic diatom communities. Recent diatom samples from different substrata were studied with respect to floristic similarity. Altogether 457 recent diatom samples from 23 rivers and streams in Bavaria, Germany, were analyzed, comprising epilithic, epiphytic and epibryic communities (i. e. epiphyton of Bryophyta). The comparative analysis of recent epiphyton samples and corresponding samples from herbarium macrophytes showed that the process of drying and pressing the macrophytes did not affect diatom community structure.In order to reconstruct historic water quality four different approaches were taken. First, diatom indices that assess trophic and saprobic state of running waters were applied to the historic diatom communities. Secondly, the Hasse diagram technique was used to rank historic samples according to descending water quality. Third, canonical correspondence analyses were carried out to directly compare taxonomic composition and abundance of recent and historic epiphyton to infer past environmental conditions. In the Amper River, the first canonical axis corresponded with the inorganic nutrient load, in particular total phosphorus. Historic samples from the beginning of the 20th century showed a considerably lower nutrient load. In the Maisach River, the first canonical axis corresponded with the nitrate content representing the most important environmental variable in this analysis. Historic samples were found at the lower end of the nitrate gradient. Fourthly, historical changes in settlement and industry in the Amper River catchment area were documented. The obtained information about the relative amounts of domestic and industrial sewage supported the results of the diatom analyses.
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Epiphytic diatom communities on herbarium macrophytes were analyzed to reconstruct former nutrient conditions of running waters. As stratified sediments do not exist in lotic ecosystems, stratigraphic diatom analyses yield poor results. Therefore, this study provides a new method to reconstruct the former water quality of running waters and to estimate their reference state as required by the EU Water Framework Directive.A widespread search for historic herbarium specimens was performed on 30 co...
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