In this thesis a novel highly resolving optical near-field probe for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) of fluorescent samples was designed. Normally, fluorescent samples are imaged by aperture probes in illumination mode. Typically, an optical resolution of 50-100 nm can be achieved. As aperture probes are flat they often provide only a very poor topographical resolution. A higher optical resolution can be attained by taking advantage of the field concentration at a metal tip and this with simultaneous high topographical resolution. The scattering probe - a metal tip, which is illuminated by a laser beam focused by lenses is only poorly suited for the detection of single molecules: the diffraction limited laser focus causes in a strong background illumination resulting in strong photo bleaching and in a low signal to noise ratio. Therefore, for the optical near-field probe designed here, a small metal tip is positioned on the rim of an aperture and illuminated by the near fields of this aperture. It could be shown, that this near-field probe combines the special advantages of the common probe types, namely the high optical and topographical resolution of a scattering probe with the high signal to noise ratio of an aperture probe. This allows to detect light of single fluorescent molecules with high spatial resolution. As test sample, DNA strands have been imaged, to the ends of which single Cy-3 molecules are bound. Imaged Cy-3 molecules show patterns in the measured lateral fluorescence distribution, which depend on the orientation of the dipole moment of the dye molecule and which have peaks with a full width at half maximum of only 10 nm. The shape of these patterns can be explained by a simple model basing in turn on models of the field distribution below a tip and of the fluorescence quenching at a metal surface. Fitting this model to measured fluorescence patterns provides the position of the imaged dye molecules and the orientation of their excitation dipole moment. In doing so, the lateral position of a dye molecule in the optical image can be determined to an accuracy better than 1 nm. The lateral shift between the topographical and optical images is smaller than the resolution in these images. Accordingly, it is possible to measure simultaneously a topographical and optical signal at the same point with this probe. These excellent properties of the novel probe promise new possibilities for single molecule experiments, especially in molecular structural biology.
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In this thesis a novel highly resolving optical near-field probe for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) of fluorescent samples was designed. Normally, fluorescent samples are imaged by aperture probes in illumination mode. Typically, an optical resolution of 50-100 nm can be achieved. As aperture probes are flat they often provide only a very poor topographical resolution. A higher optical resolution can be attained by taking advantage of the field concentration at a metal tip and t...
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