Acute and chronic graft rejection still pose serious clinical problems in transplant medicine. Chemokines coordinate the recruitment of leukocytes in immune responses and thus are potential targets for the development of new immunosuppressive strategies for improvement of graft survival. The precise roles of the various chemokines and their cognate receptors in the rejection of allografts are still ill-defined. This study investigates the role of chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in mice. For this purpose a mouse heterotopic cardiac transplant model was used. Allogeneic hearts were transplanted into CCR4 deficient (CCR4-/-) and control recipients. Compared to wildtype controls, acute allograft rejection in CCR4-/- recipients was only slightly prolonged. In contrast, in a model of chronic cardiac allograft rejection employing gallium nitrate treatment of the host, cardiac rejection was significantly delayed in CCR4-/- as compared to wildtype recipients. Transcription of MDC and TARC, the cognate chemokine ligands of CCR4, was observed within the graft. A marked increase in graft infiltrating CD8+ T cells in CCR4-/- recipients was seen 30 days after transplantation, graft infiltrating NKT cells were significantly reduced. Taken together, these findings clearly establish an important and novel role for CCR4 in chronic graft rejection.
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