Liquefaction phenomena in under-expanded cryogenic hydrogen gas jets

This paper presents the first numerical investigation into the multiphase flow behaviors that occur in under-expanded cryogenic hydrogen gas jets, with a focus on flow structures and phase transitions in the near-field region. The simulations are carried out using a computational fluid dynamics code which has been developed in-house to solve the 2D multi-component Euler equations. The solver is built within a finite volume framework and the multiphase thermodynamics are modeled using a hybrid Noble-Abel Stiffened-Gas equation of state, with a fast phase transition relaxation solver. The study examines how variations in nozzle diameter and pressure influence near-field flow structures and the liquefaction of hydrogen. The liquefaction is driven by two fluid dynamic mechanisms: expansion waves and vortices. The numerical model and schemes are verified against numerical benchmark tests. This investigation enhances the understanding of multiphase flow behavior from high-pressure cryogenic hydrogen releases.     «

This paper presents the first numerical investigation into the multiphase flow behaviors that occur in under-expanded cryogenic hydrogen gas jets, with a focus on flow structures and phase transitions in the near-field region. The simulations are carried out using a computational fluid dynamics code which has been developed in-house to solve the 2D multi-component Euler equations. The solver is built within a finite volume framework and the multiphase thermodynamics are modeled using a hybrid No...     »