Two factors are prominent in the design of vehicle air conditioning systems: thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Conventional air conditioning systems tend to temperature-control the whole cabin by convectional heating or cooling. The air flow is generated centrally in an HVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) unit and ducted into the cabin through air outlets directed at the occupant. Air speeds tend to be high, and the horizontal air flow results in the whole cabin being conditioned, rather than just the occupants. The result is less-than-optimal comfort and unnecessary energy consumption losses.
The approach in this dissertation is to condition the occupant locally, only where needed and where the most effective thermal wellbeing can be achieved. The focus of this dissertation is on cooling in hot and humid ambient conditions.
A concept for vertical interior cabin cooling has been derived based on current research. This concept was designed and installed in the prototype of the fully electric vehicle EVA by TUM CREATE. Cooled air is distributed close to the head in large-area overhead outlets. Air speeds can be kept low to avoid draught. At the same time, built-in fans in the seat surface and the backrest both draw air away from the body to improve the microclimate between occupant and seat. The technical feasibility of such a system was demonstrated on the prototype mentioned above.
In a second step, the system was built as a mock-up in a climate chamber. The air speed and temperature parameters at the overhead outlet, the air flow in seat ventilation as well as both the temperature and humidity in the climate chamber could be adapted to create varying thermal scenarios. Data specifying the thermal response to these scenarios was collected from a series of pre-tests and three main experiments with human participants. During the experiments the participants drove the vehicle in a simulated driving environment. They were asked to state their thermal perception, level of thermal discomfort and their thermal preference for the whole body and for selected parts of the body at 5 minute intervals.
In the first main experiment, overhead cooling was evaluated in different operational modes as a standalone system at cabin temperatures of 24.1°C, 26.5°C and 28.8°C. In a second experiment the influence of the seat ventilation as a standalone system was evaluated at cabin temperatures of 26.5°C and 28.5°C. In a third and final test, the combined effect of overhead cooling and seat ventilation was evaluated at cabin temperatures of 26.5°C, 28.5°C and 30.5°C. In all three experiments the systems were shown to noticeably improve the thermal comfort of participants. The best results are obtained with the combined system, using which thermal discomfort drops to acceptable limits within 5 – 10 minutes, even at cabin temperatures as high as 30.5°C.
The third part of the thesis comprises the calculation of energy consumption for the vertical cooling system. Using the parameters of the experiment and the specification of the prototype EVA, the potential of the vertical cooling system could be shown to reduce energy consumption by up to 25% compared to a conventional system conditioning the whole cabin.
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Two factors are prominent in the design of vehicle air conditioning systems: thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Conventional air conditioning systems tend to temperature-control the whole cabin by convectional heating or cooling. The air flow is generated centrally in an HVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) unit and ducted into the cabin through air outlets directed at the occupant. Air speeds tend to be high, and the horizontal air flow results in the whole cabin being conditione...
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