Fluxcalcination of kieselguhr, as high temperature treatment, causes conversion of amorphous to crystalline silicon dioxide, like cristobalite, tridymite and quartz, in conventional rotary kilns, using high temperatures, long burning duration and certain fluxing agents. Cristobalite and quartz are verifiable carcinogenic to human, whereas amorphous and paracrystalline modifications, like opal-A, opal-CT and opal-C, lack, despite of detailed analyses, a carcinogenic effect on human.
This work deals with the crystallisation behaviour and the changes of technological characteristics of kieselguhr during the fluxcalcination process. At first, the fluxcalcination was examined in a static heating system, using different fluxing agents. The formation of crystalline SiO2-modifications was, besides concentration of the fluxing agent, temperature and duration of the heat treatment, especially dependent on the type of fluxing agent. The crystallisation process of kieselguhr requires a stabilisation of the formed crystalline phases by the fluxing agent’s cations. The cation’s ability to stabilise crystalline structures of silicon dioxide, is dependent on its ion size and on the cell volume of the crystalline modifications. Na+-ions, having an ion radius of 0,99 Å, are able to stabilise cristobalite’s cell volume of 171 Å3, whereas bigger K+-ions, having an ion radius of 1,37 Å, cannot enter the cell volume of cristobalite any more. The formation of cristobalite, using fluxing agents containing calcium and magnesium, is at least theoretical possible, due to the ion radii of Ca2+ and Mg2+. However, these kieselguhr-fluxing-agent-mixtures have mostly such high melting points that the melting process did not occur. It appeared that the use of fluxing agents containing sodium led to the formation of opal-C, as paracrystalline structure, whereas the use of fluxing agents containing potassium led to formation of opal-CT, if the kieselguhr was treated at high temperatures and great fluxing agent admixture. The kieselguhr’s tendency to crystallise was generally lower, if fluxing agents that contained potassium have been used. In order to evaluate the technological characteristics of the fluxcalcined kieselguhrs, permeability, wet density and colour values have been determined. Subsequent, the implementation of these findings occurred in a rotary kiln. Likewise, kieselguhrs fluxcalcined with agents that contained potassium showed a drastic lower tendency to form crystalline matter. Finally it was possible to produce fluxcalcined kieselguhr with an amount of paracrystalline matter of only 2.83 mass.-%. Commercial fluxcalcined kieselguhr contains up to 70 mass.-% paracrystalline, respectively crystalline matter, having compareable technological characterstics. To specify the influences of temperature, duration of heat treatment and type of fluxing agent on the fluxcalcination process, following technological characteristics of the fluxcalcined kieselguhrs have been determined: amount of iron, sodium and potassium soluble in beer, pH-value, dry matter, annealing residue, permeability, wet density, specific surface area, particle size and colour value. Afterwards, the filtration characteristics of some of these kieselguhrs have been evaluated. It appeared that especially kieselguhrs, which had been fluxcalcined using K2CO3 as fluxing agent, had filtration performances compareable to commercial coarse kieselguhrs. In these kieselguhrs the formation of crystalline SiO2-matter did not occur during the fluxcalcination process. If K+-ions are present opal-CT forms as paracrystalline matter in the kieselguhr, which is more similar to amorphous silicon dioxid than to crystalline matter.
Opal-CT is not known to be carcinogenic. For this reason, the handling of such kieselguhrs is not affected by the TRGS 906, the index of carcinogenic operations and processes.
«
Fluxcalcination of kieselguhr, as high temperature treatment, causes conversion of amorphous to crystalline silicon dioxide, like cristobalite, tridymite and quartz, in conventional rotary kilns, using high temperatures, long burning duration and certain fluxing agents. Cristobalite and quartz are verifiable carcinogenic to human, whereas amorphous and paracrystalline modifications, like opal-A, opal-CT and opal-C, lack, despite of detailed analyses, a carcinogenic effect on human.
This work de...
»