For sprayed concrete tunnelling in loose soils, spiles and face‐bolts are often employed to stabilise the roof and the face of the tunnel. Within the scope of the present work, three-dimensional finite element models are presented, which were validated and calibrated on extensive site measurements. After a differentiated investigation of the longitudinal and transverse load-bearing effect of the spile umbrellas, design variants for increasing the efficiency of these support systems are developed.
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For sprayed concrete tunnelling in loose soils, spiles and face‐bolts are often employed to stabilise the roof and the face of the tunnel. Within the scope of the present work, three-dimensional finite element models are presented, which were validated and calibrated on extensive site measurements. After a differentiated investigation of the longitudinal and transverse load-bearing effect of the spile umbrellas, design variants for increasing the efficiency of these support systems are developed...
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