Beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) have their focal distribution area in Central Europe. Thus, Germany holds a main part of the responsibility for their preservation. The target question subject of this study is: What are indicators for naturalness of beech dominated forests, in the sense of a complete species composition. The research was conducted in the boundaries of a coherent forest area in the Steigerwald in northern Bavaria. Birds and saproxylic beetles were chosen as a target group for the evaluation of the current situation in respect to a state natural conditions. Birds were surveyed by the use of quantitative grid mapping on 258 grid plots while beetles were surveyed on 69 plot circles and by standardised handsampling. An additional amount of 116 flight-interception-traps was used for studying the differences of saproxylic beetle biocoenosis that are governed by structural differences. The comparison of different states of decay of beech trees resulted always in a distinctly higher number of species and individuals in brashly trees if compared to vital trees. This was especially distinct in trees showing a stronger colonisation by fungi, trees that were dying off and in beech trees with humus hollows. The oak tree features an own biocoenosis. Even at low portions of oaks in the beech stands, a similar high level of oak specialised species as well as rare oak beetles could be observed as in forests dominated by oaks. Vital oaks showed a 20% higher level in species richness if compared to vital beech trees, but damaged beech trees showed a 60% higher level in species richness if compared to vital beech trees. A whole set of environmental parameters was identified as key factors: For birds these were mainly abundance of regeneration and shrubs, the availability of mature deciduous trees, the proportion of coniferous tree species, the proportion of oaks, valuable broad-leaved trees (Alnus, Fraxinus) and pioneer deciduous trees, the stand age, snags including attached dead wood at living trees and the availability of small nesting holes. Especially in respect to the species indicating a state close to natural conditions the availability of small scale structures like small holes and dead wood showed to be important. Concerning the saproxylic beetles the availability of flowers, wood fungi, notably Fomes fomentarius, dead wood of oaks as well as standing and coarse woody debris of beech (>25 cm in diameter) and humus hollows showed to be critical. The latter is standing for the slow decomposition of a mature tree. Due to the long duration of the process of dying off, lasting often decades, as well as due to the availability of various dead wood substrates during this process, these trees are of major importance to safeguard tradition and substrate diversity. Regarding to the quantitative description, we managed to calculate a series of critical values. The following were the most important in birds: Relating to the regeneration and shrub layer clearly higher total numbers were recorded for the Blackcap from 25%, for the Chiffchaff from 45% and for the Willow Warbler from 70% cover values. Distinctly lower abundance rates were recorded for the Winter Wren from 50% and for the Chaffinch from 25% cover values. Proportions of more than 2% coniferous trees allow the Coal Tit to occur. Values from 10% support the Firecrest, from 15% the Goldcrest and from 25% the Crested Tit. Concerning the stand age, cut points of higher individual numbers could be found for the Marsh Tit at 95 years, for the Great Spotted Woodpecker at 105 years, for the Middle Spotted Woodpecker at 137 years and for the Stock Dove at 145 years stand age. Cut points for canopy cover values could be found for the Eurasian Nuthatch at values from 27% and for the Hawfinch at values from 95%. A critical value for the Collared Flycatcher is at 8 nesting holes/ha. The availability of dead wood of deciduous trees showed also to be a critical criteria for saproxylic beetles. At a cut point value from 38 to 58m³/ha the number of species indicating a state close to pristine conditions as well as the number of endangered species increased distinctly. Dead wood amounts from 98 to 144m³/ha were calculated as additional critical values in respect to high abundance rates of species indicating a state close to pristine conditions and of endangered species. Further critical values resulted in respect to the fungus species that are relevant to beetles. They were found to be at 8 to 11 wood fungus species/plot circle. By using the poisson-regression, models for the assessment of the habitat quality were developed for bird-structure-guilds. This statistical method allows feasible predictions regarding to the habitat quality of beech forests based only on few environmental factors. For saproxylic beetles the cutpoint model was applied, in order to evaluate all plot circles.
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Beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) have their focal distribution area in Central Europe. Thus, Germany holds a main part of the responsibility for their preservation. The target question subject of this study is: What are indicators for naturalness of beech dominated forests, in the sense of a complete species composition. The research was conducted in the boundaries of a coherent forest area in the Steigerwald in northern Bavaria. Birds and saproxylic beetles were chosen as a target group for the...
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