This study contributes to using ecosystem services as a concept for the design and planning of green spaces, taking the City of Xi’an, Central China, as a case study. The aims of the study were to (a) develop and apply an approach for the rapid appraisal of ecosystem services provided by urban green space; (b) identify the relationships between park features and their ecosystem services; (c) assess park visitors’ use habits, perception and appreciation of ecosystem services; (d) draw conclusions for the future design and management of urban green space in Xi’an and Chinese cities.
The methodology consisted of a combination of methods from the natural and social sciences including documentary analyses, visual inspection of satellite imagery, and a questionnaire survey. Furthermore, based on the assessment indicators which were derived from the land cover, vegetation structure and the user questionnaire, an integrated approach was developed using simple rating rules to assess the ecosystem services generated by green spaces of Xi’an.
The results of the field survey reveal that older parks usually show more variations in compositions of land cover and vegetation structure. Larger parks located within the third ring road have a higher percentage cover of lawn and the older parks located within the second ring road of Xi’an have more playgrounds.
Respondents show preferences for passive recreational activities. They think that shading, O2 release, recreational places, contact with nature and aesthetics are the most important services provided by green spaces. Overall, there is a request for more vegetation coverage, improved microclimate, cleanliness and scenic beauty. Moreover, the respondents clearly expressed the need for more shade, opportunities to watch nature, flowers and better management of green spaces.
The personal backgrounds and park features also influence the respondents’ use, perception and demands. For example, the elders enjoy a broader range of activities in green spaces compared with the other age groups. Also, respondents prefer to do activities in the larger and newer parks and in the parks with 26-50% of multi-layered vegetation and evergreen species.
Generally, in Xi’an city, urban parks provided similar levels of regulation for microclimate and air quality and these regulation functions were predominantly considered to be high or medium high. The older parks with a small to medium size and located within the second ring road received higher assessments on regulation functions. However, all parks were considered to have a low value in recreational services regardless of park character.
Finally, six general strategies using ecosystem services as approaches can be proposed to advance the quality of green spaces: to maintain sufficient green spaces in the limited available lands; to maintain the number of vegetation structure types and plant species; to balance the provisions of regulating and recreational services; to incorporate citizens’ considerations into the process of green space planning; and to develop a system for better management of green spaces.
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This study contributes to using ecosystem services as a concept for the design and planning of green spaces, taking the City of Xi’an, Central China, as a case study. The aims of the study were to (a) develop and apply an approach for the rapid appraisal of ecosystem services provided by urban green space; (b) identify the relationships between park features and their ecosystem services; (c) assess park visitors’ use habits, perception and appreciation of ecosystem services; (d) draw conclusi...
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