Toll-like receptors (TLRs 1-10) represent a major group of receptors for the specific recognition
of pathogen-associated molecular patterns capable of activating innate and adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity is T-cell dependent and may result in the production of allergen specific IgE in
the case of atopic sensitisation, which is a common feature of childhood asthma. Intriguingly, early
exposure to microbes reduces the risk for asthma and a number of polymorphisms in TLR genes may
be involved. However, previous publications dealt mostly with single SNPs in individual TLRs, they
were often afflicted with small sample size and did not offer a model explaining the observed effects.
Therefore, gradually the following aims were formulated:
- a comprehensive genetic analysis to evaluate the effects of variations and haplotypes in the
human TLR system on childhood asthma
- testing reproducibility of associations in several independent populations
- applying interaction models based on functional clustering and putative heterodimerisation
of TLRs
- investigating the influence of associated SNPs on TLR mRNA as well as protein
expression, and – after stimulation – on TLR signaling and cytokine production
ex vivo
- proposing a model how asthma susceptibility could be modulated in a beneficial way
Implementing different in silico approaches, 21 polymorphisms in all 10 human TLRs were systematically
selected for putative function. Genotyping was performed in three German populations
(N=1,872) utilizing MALDI-TOF MS, SPOLA and sequencing. Protective association with lower incidence
of atopic asthma were identified for SNPs in TLR1 (P=0.002), TLR6 (P=0.003) and TLR10
(P=0.006), all capable of forming heterodimers with TLR2. The risk to develop atopic asthma was
thereby reduced by nearly 50%. Analysis of epistasis highlighted that interactions between SNPs in
heterodimerizing TLRs significantly influenced the development of asthma in children. Quantitative
RealTime RT-PCR revealed that carriers of the minor alleles in TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10 (mediating
protection) showed an increased expression of the respective TLR mRNAs compared to wildtype
carriers, which was subsequently confirmed on the protein level with flow cytometry. Additionally,
stimulation of PBMCs of minor allele carriers with ligands specific for TLR2/1 and TLR2/6
heterodimers lead to an augmented inflammatory response, elevated Th1 cytokine expression and
reduced Th2 related IL-4 production compared to wildtype carriers.
These results suggest TLR1 and TLR6 as intriguing new targets for asthma research as they have
not been recognised to be involved in atopic disease mechanisms so far. Stimulating certain TLR heterodimers,
rather than arbitrary microbial exposure, may protect from the development of childhood
asthma. These findings may help to identify protective agents (acting through TLR1 and TLR6 activation)
for a beneficial and specific modification of the TLR system to reduce asthma susceptibility.
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs 1-10) represent a major group of receptors for the specific recognition
of pathogen-associated molecular patterns capable of activating innate and adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity is T-cell dependent and may result in the production of allergen specific IgE in
the case of atopic sensitisation, which is a common feature of childhood asthma. Intriguingly, early
exposure to microbes reduces the risk for asthma and a number of polymorphisms in TLR genes may
be invo...
»