Although the in vitro maturation is an established technique for assisted reproduction, a lack of detailed information about intercellular communication between the oocyte and the surrounding somatic cells is still present. Additionally, differing results between various species demand their critical interpretation. Therefore, a lot of effort has been made to determine the important systems participating in this fundamental signalling process. It has been recognized that the intercellular communication plays a crucial role in the timing of the right events necessary to produce fertilizable oocytes and to coordinate embryo genesis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the communication systems during the artificial maturation of bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) which represents the key to optimal development. Additionally, these results were compared to those from cultivated bovine granulosa cells (GC). The investigations on the two related cell culture systems were done by using the sensitive real-time RT-PCR to detect minimal alterations in mRNA levels. Enzyme immuno assay (EIA) as well as radio immuno assay (RIA) were employed to measure specificly hormone and protein concentrations in the culture media. Additionally, to support mRNA data immunohistological techniques were used to detect protein localization in the tissue. In the present study it could be shown that maturing COC posses the ability to produce steroid hormones independently of the natural follicular environment. Furthermore, it could be proven that the environmental pollutant tributyltin (TBT) is able to interfere with the steroidogenic systems of both the maturing COC and the cultured GC which underwent luteinization during cultivation. A distinct dose dependant effect of TBT on estradiol-17b as well as progesterone synthesis could be demonstrated. A set of different connexins, important cellular channel proteins, could be detected by mRNA analysis showing dependency on the maturational status of the COC. In addition to this direct transmembrane communication by gap junctions, two isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), the inducible and the endothelial NOS, could be found which produce the small inorganic signal molecule nitric oxide (NO). Both enzymes were varied in COC and GC, respectively. A direct influence of the two gonadotropins FSH and LH on the mRNA levels of the NOS could be displayed in cultured GC. As indicators for the active participation of the oocyte in the regulation of cellular behavior of the surrounding somatic cells, the presence of the mRNA of two different oocyte derived factors, the growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and the bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15), could be proven. Additionally, it was possible to sequence almost the whole mRNA of the bovine GDF-9, which was introduced into an E. coli expression system. Unfortunately the resulting recombinant protein of the mature growth factor did not show bioactivity as described in literature. However, with the existence of three potential GDF-9/BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, BMPR-1B and BMPR-2) in COC, GC and theca interna cells (TIC) respectively a functional follicular GDF-9/BMP-system can be assumed. Furhtermore, the extra cellular matrix (ECM) was subject to dramatic alterations during maturation. It could be demonstrated by histochemistry that the gel-like matrix surrounding the oocyte consists of hyaluronan (HA) which was possibly the product of the highly expressed HA synthase 2 (HAS2). The importance of the ECM could be proved by the coexistence of the two HA receptors CD44 and RHAMM (receptor for HA-mediated motility). Protecting the oocyte from mechanical forces, the HA rich matrix could also serve as a reservoir for diverse growth factors, able to bind to the ECM. One such member is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which could be detected enriched in the ooplasm, in the Zona pellucida as well as in the follicular fluid. Its supplementation to the maturation medium significantly influenced the subsequent development of bovine embryos. In summary, a very complex system of diverse cellular communication systems could be detected, pointing out that all these systems would possibly interfere with each other which indicates their importance for the optimal development of the oocyte. Furthermore, a distinct local steroidogenic system could possibly proof suitable screening for endocrine disrupting agents.
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Although the in vitro maturation is an established technique for assisted reproduction, a lack of detailed information about intercellular communication between the oocyte and the surrounding somatic cells is still present. Additionally, differing results between various species demand their critical interpretation. Therefore, a lot of effort has been made to determine the important systems participating in this fundamental signalling process. It has been recognized that the intercellular commun...
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