In the mountainous altitude of the northern Bavarian Alps (Sperrgraben, near Oberammergau/Germany, 1220 m a.s.l) spruce monocultures (Picea abies [L.] KARST) do not differ from spruce/beech mixed stands (mixture with Fagus sylvatica L.) in terms of water consumption. Given the ecophysiological similarity of beech and spruce trees at high and low altitude, some functional aspects of gas exchange measurements were assessed at low elevation (Kranzberger Forst, near Freising/Germany, experimental site of DFG-Sonderforschungsbereich 607, 490 m a.s.l.) and as a first approximation applied to modelling the transpiration of trees growing at the mountainous site. This approach was supported by the perception that both carbon gain and crown transpiration are not effected by the altitude but by the length of the growing season. In this field study we compared the transpiration (measured by the Granier THB-method) of high and low altitude stands. In spite of the different climates the crown transpiration of beech and spruce trees similar in age and size was analogous when based on the splint area. During the growing seasons 2000 and 2001 (from 15th May to 15th September) the crown transpiration of beech and spruce trees calculated on stand was 106 126 tm-2 and 61 69 tm-2, respectively, at Kranzberger Forst and 102 103 tm-2 and 58 69 tm-2, respectively, at Sperrgraben. Based on the projected area the transpiration of the pure spruce stand at Sperrgraben and of the mixed stand at the same altitude was 164 172 mm and 192 202 mm, respectively. The transpiration of the low altitude stand ranged between 246 and 277 mm. For both altitudes the hydrological water-balances during summertime were calculated. Shade foliage makes a considerable contribution to the crown transpiration (Ec) which is important for methods based on remote-sensing. These methods rely only on the temperature of the uppermost canopy layers in assessing canopy transpiration. Based on measurements of shade-foliage transpiration in spruce and beech of Kranzberger Forst, the contribution of this foliage type to crown transpiration was estimated for the trees of both species at Sperrgraben. The contribution of shade foliage to crown transpiration ranged between 26 and 39 % for beech trees and between 34 and 49 % for spruce trees in mixed or pure stand. Furthermore we determined the water storage capacity and the coupling factor (gfac: a nondimensional variable) of the stomata conductance for both species. Both quantities were calculated by measuring sap flow and gas-exchange simultaneously. Beech and spruce trees at Kranzberger Forst showed a time shift of 2 3 hours between xylem sap flow and crown transpiration. In the morning and in the afternoon the water storage capacity of beech trees amounted to approx. 18 % and approx. 25 %, respectively, of the daily water use. For modelling an average of 21 % was calculated. The daily offset in spruce trees was more obvious. The water storage capacity was approx. 13 % of the daily water use in the morning and about 58 % in the afternoon (average for modelling: 35 %). At Kranzberger Forst gfac was determined for sun and shade foliage of beech and spruce trees with a good correlation between net-CO2-assimilation and transpiration rate. Sun and shade foliage of beech trees showed a gfac of 10.6 and 9.6, respectively. For sun and shade foliage of spruce trees we calculated a gfac of 14.0 and 19.9, respectively. Because of the different morphology of the foliage all parameters of the gas-exchange were related to the projected leaf area in the case of beech trees and to the all-side leaf area in the case of spruce trees. On the one hand the results of the presented study were needed for balancing the watersheds and on the other hand for parameterization and validation of HIGRIS (a coupled vegetation-atmosphere model, AG Bernhofer, University of Dresden) for the mountainous site. The comparison of modelled transpiration data by HIGRIS and data which were calculated by sap flow measurements revealed high analogy. The maximum difference between the daily rate of water use calculated by sap flow and modelled by HIGRIS was less than 3 % for the mixed stand and only 0.1 % for the pure stand. Conlusion: Measurements of sap flow in trees provide a suitable basis for hydrological modelling of watersheds. Demand for this kind of modelling exists, in particular, in view of poorly understood extrema along ecological gradients, as represented, for example, by mountainous forests and their water regimes.
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In the mountainous altitude of the northern Bavarian Alps (Sperrgraben, near Oberammergau/Germany, 1220 m a.s.l) spruce monocultures (Picea abies [L.] KARST) do not differ from spruce/beech mixed stands (mixture with Fagus sylvatica L.) in terms of water consumption. Given the ecophysiological similarity of beech and spruce trees at high and low altitude, some functional aspects of gas exchange measurements were assessed at low elevation (Kranzberger Forst, near Freising/Germany, experimenta...
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