Zinc deficiency is accompanied by severe phenotypical changes in animal models as well as in humans. The remarkable symptomatology caused by a zinc-deficiency suggested major changes in the transcriptome that should also allow to identify zinc-responsive genes. However, such a molecular analysis of zinc-deficiency in a mammalian system was lacking. The goal of the investigations presented here was therefore, to identify zinc-sensitive genes as putative biomarkers for the assessment of the zinc status as well as to try to explain the pathophysiology of zinc deficiency on basis of the changes of the transcriptome. For identification of a zinc-regulon, transcriptome analysis of liver and brain tissues of control and zinc-deficient rats was performed by DNA array technology. For this purpose the Nanogen Inc. array system, originally built for SNP analyses, was used after suitable protocol modifications. In addition, two other commercially available DNA-array formats were employed. An additional screening of liver tissue for changes in the protein levels based on 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was conducted. Around 66% of the 6200 target sequences were found to be expressed in liver as well as brain tissue by means of array technology. The expression level of 268 transcripts changed significantly in the liver as a result of zinc deficiency whereas in brain tissue only 36 transcript levels showed changes. In general, zinc deficiency caused mainly a reduction in the steady state levels of transcripts in both tissues. This was confirmed by independent methods such as Northern Blot analysis and Real time RT PCR. Groups of transcripts strongly affected by zinc deficiency could be associated with growth regulation, lipid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism and stress response as well as signal transduction and intracellular trafficking. The largest clusters identified comprised 43 resp. 37 transcripts, mainly encoding proteins involved in the hepatic stress response and lipid metabolism. Following global expression analysis of the liver tissue, selected genes were also analyzed by Northern Blot in kidney, brain, intestine and muscle tissue showing the organ specific response to zinc deficiency with kidney tissue resembling most closely the changes in liver. 2D electrophoresis revealed 158 proteins with altered expression level in zinc deficiency from which 36 proteins could be identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. However, very weak correlation between proteome and transcriptome data could be observed. Based on the transcriptome analysis major changes in hepatic fat metabolism including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased lipid accumulation could be predicted. A biochemical analysis indeed confirmed this by demonstrating increased hepatic triglyceride levels and substantial changes in the fatty acid pattern. The changes in mRNA-levels of gene-clusters identified by the screening methods therefore predicted fairly well the concomitant metabolic consequences. In summary, the methods employed here proved suitable to identify an impressive number of newly identified zinc-sensitive genes involved in a variety of metabolic pathways and may help to design further studies to unravel the molecular changes occurring during zinc deficiency.
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Zinc deficiency is accompanied by severe phenotypical changes in animal models as well as in humans. The remarkable symptomatology caused by a zinc-deficiency suggested major changes in the transcriptome that should also allow to identify zinc-responsive genes. However, such a molecular analysis of zinc-deficiency in a mammalian system was lacking. The goal of the investigations presented here was therefore, to identify zinc-sensitive genes as putative biomarkers for the assessment of the zinc s...
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