Calcareous fens are traditionally mown in autumn, which maintains species rich vegetation types (Caricion davallianae, Molinion caeruleae). Nowadays, abandonment due to changes in agriculture causes a decline of many characteristic plant species of fen meadows due to litter accumulation and dominance of few competitive species. The aim of this study is to evaluate grazing as an alternative management tool to mowing. The impact of grazing and mowing on the vegetation of calcareous fens in the prealpine region of Southern Germany was compared, regarding different organisation levels (individual plants, populations, communities). Six characteristic species of Caricion davallianae or Molinion caeruleae differing in growth form and reproductive behaviour were selected for the study (Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula farinosa, Serratula tinctoria, Succisa pratensis, Tofieldia calyculata). The effects of grazing in general on the vegetation were investigated in a descriptive way whereas experiments were used to study the effects of single factors of the pasture (foraging, trampling) on the vegetation and on selected age states (e.g. germination). In chapter 2 vegetation composition was compared between adjacent pairs of fen meadows and pastures. Species richness was significantly reduced by grazing, but the percentage of target species was not affected by land use type. Only a few species showed a clear trend in their occurrence on meadows or pastures, but a clear land use gradient concerning species composition was indicated by a detrended correspondence analysis and by the proportions of species with selected traits. Grazing favoured grasses and small forbs, whereas species with defence mechanisms against foraging were seldom favoured on pastures. Reproductive traits were not significantly affected by land use type, but clonal behaviour differed significantly: species with fast-spreading stem-derived clonal organs were favoured on pastures. The effects of grazing and mowing on population density and age-state structure of four plant species were investigated in chapter 3. Succisa pratensis did not respond to land use type concerning population density, frequency or age-state structure because the late-flowering species was harmed by late mowing as well as by grazing. Parnassia palustris, Primula farinosa and Tofieldia calyculata showed a significantly lower population density and abundance on pastures. For Parnassia and Tofieldia, the lower proportion of seedlings was only partly compensated by clonal growth (Tofieldia) or balanced by a higher number of flowering individuals (Parnassia). For Primula, the number of seedlings was the same in both land use types, but seedling establishment was harmed more severely on pastures. The lower number of flowering individuals on pastures was partly compensated by a higher number of seeds per individual. The analysis of revegetation of hoof prints in fen pastures and abandoned sites (chapter 4) showed that trampling induced gaps were of minor importance for maintenance of species richness in fens. After two years, hoof prints were not recolonized reasonably as both hoof print zones, the steep, drained, but light edge and the dark, but wet bottom, did not offer suitable conditions for revegetation: Recolonization on the edge, however, was more successful than on the bottom. Occurrence of frequent species and species numbers were similar in hoof prints and in the surrounding vegetation for both pastures and abandoned sites. In both zones, vegetative spreaders finally dominated in spite of high germination rates, because seedling mortality was high. Only few were able to take advantage by the creation of hoof prints compared to the surrounding vegetation. These were exclusively prostrate species (e.g. Linum catharticum and Drosera rotundifolia) germinating on the edges. The effects of mowing, grazing or abandonment on germination and establishment of six fen species were investigated in two sowing experiments (simulating land use or real land use) in chapter 5. On abandoned plots, the lack of suitable microsites due to litter accumulation and high moss cover almost hindered germination. Grazing and mowing offered similar germination conditions which were better than those on abandoned sites. Gap creation by trampling did not increase germination rate. Trampling, in contrast, had a severe negative effect on seedling survival. Species differed in their germination ability and in their response to land use which could be related to seed size. Succisa pratensis with the heaviest seeds germinated well in all land use types. Parnassia palustris seeds were less germinable and germination depended on microsite availability. Serratula tinctoria and Primula farinosa were mostly microsite limited. Tofieldia calyculata and Pinguicula vulgaris did hardly germinate at all under natural conditions, in spite of high germination rates in the growth chamber. Obviously, clonal reproduction was more successful for these species. The ability of individuals to compensate biomass loss by foraging was tested by a clipping experiment (box). Only the sedge Carex davalliana was able to compensate for single biomass loss by regrowth, whereas repeated clipping harmed the individuals. The upgrowing herbs Succisa pratensis and Serratula tinctoria could not compensate biomass loss at all. Primula farinosa, a procumbent rosette plant, lost only reproductive organs by simulated grazing and was not able to produce new flowers. Primula plants were not able to take advantage of the better light conditions by the reduced surrounding vegetation. In the synthesis in chapter 6 the impact of grazing in comparison to mowing is discussed on the level of individual plants, on the population level and on the level of the plant community. In general, trampling was the most harming factor on pastures especially for the establishment of seedlings, but also for adult plants. So, mortality risk was enhanced by grazing. Foraging did not affect seedlings, whereas only those adult plants which could avoid or tolerate the biomass loss due to their growth form (prostrate species, grasses/sedges) were favoured on pastures. Reproduction was endangered by both trampling and foraging. So, reproductive success of species depends on the flowering time. Some species, however, were also able to balance the loss of reproductive organs by a higher number of seeds, seedlings or flowering plants. For nature conservation grazing can be recommended as an alternative management tool to autumn mowing on calcareous fens, as the shift in vegetation composition is only small. The higher mortality risk of individuals due to trampling should be reduced by optimisation of grazing management. New control mechanisms for pastures are necessary to reduce trampling damage (e.g. a maximum of 15 % bare ground). Stocking rate on the fen soils should not be higher than 1 cattle per ha, and the proportion of fen soils on the total area of the pasture should not exceed 50 % according to data from species rich fen pastures existing since centuries. If very rare plant species were present on the fen, grazing might not be introduced due to the higher mortality risk as long as the response of the species to grazing is not investigated.
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Calcareous fens are traditionally mown in autumn, which maintains species rich vegetation types (Caricion davallianae, Molinion caeruleae). Nowadays, abandonment due to changes in agriculture causes a decline of many characteristic plant species of fen meadows due to litter accumulation and dominance of few competitive species. The aim of this study is to evaluate grazing as an alternative management tool to mowing. The impact of grazing and mowing on the vegetation of calcareous fens in the pre...
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