In recent years, fishing clubs and institutional river managements have increasingly reported on problems to sustain grayling populations in Bavaria, Southern Germany. The work presented here investigates the factors that affect stocking success and to propose future improvements. From 1998 to 2001, stocking experiments were carried out with 90,000 graylings (the majority of which being marked) in 9 selected rivers of Southern Bavaria. The investigated area stretches over 90 km and covers approximately 290 ha in total. Stocking success was determined on the basis of catches by electric shock or fish traps, performed along 45 km of the total area. All rivers were characterized with respect to biotic and abiotic parameters. In addition to stocking experiments, managers of 14 Bavarian grayling hatcheries were interviewed for conditions in their facilities. Behavioural studies on stocked graylings, in comparison to individuals taken from the wild, were carried out in the laboratory. Hatchery managers reported they were experiencing problems to produce sufficient amount and quality of grayling stocks in the last decade. Most managers stated that rivers do not sustain enough spawners for use in hatcheries. Based on catches from this study, stocking was considered successful for two rivers, whereas five failed. Stocking success in two rivers could not be determined due to technical uncertainties. By and large, stocking rivers with graylings has a potential of success. In many cases, however, the fraction of stocked fish in relation to their wild conspecific is low and does not meet the expectations. The following factors have been determined to affect stocking success substantially: Migration of stockers immediately after their introduction to the wild can be high and severely compromise success. While the rivers provide enough structure to meet the demands of graylings on their habitat, the risk of losing fish by migration could be lowered by proper selection of stocking locations. Those rivers that provided more structure performed better than others. Predation by fish-eating birds (cormorant and merganser) severly reduces not only stocking success, but also the size of grayling populations in general. This was deduced from the increase of grayling numbers in a river stretch where mergansers had been chased from, whereas reference stretches still suffered from declining populations. The stockers used in all experiments were produced under moderate conditions and delineate from spawners that originate from these rivers. Hence, the fish were well-suited for stocking. Nonetheless, there is evidence that insufficient adaptation to movement in the current can cause the observed migration of freshly stocked graylings. Stocking success can, in some cases, simply be enhanced by increasing the number of stocked fish. However, this strategy will fail if the environment does not provide better conditions. The better the ecological status of a river, the more success stocking will generate. Due to the low population sizes, intra- or interspecies competition could not account for failed stocking (except for the Saubach). The following factors could not be evaluated with certainty: It remains to be clarified whether, and to what extent, high water levels could affect the success of stocking. It is worth to note that the two rivers that proved most successful (Ammer and Ramsach) exhibited several periods of extremely high water. Another potential factor, the size and age of stockers, could not be evaluated under the guidelines of this work (stocking performed according to the strategy of fishing clubs). However, some of the observed down-stream migrations significantly extended over the border of the fishing clubs' river stretches. In case there are barriers to up-stream migration, reduced success may be expected. Predation by other fish, the intensity of fishing by anglers, as well as mortality caused by low water quality or low fitness of the fish did not play a significant role in this study. In sum of these findings, recommendations for improving grayling populations in Southern Bavarian rivers can be delineated. Although the experimental setup was not designed for an isolated examination of the aforementioned factors, it became evident that stocking alone does not solve the problem of population decline. By contrast, complex strategies such as improvement of environmental conditions and quality of stocking material are in demand. The information obtained here should provide the basis for an isolated view on the above factors.
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In recent years, fishing clubs and institutional river managements have increasingly reported on problems to sustain grayling populations in Bavaria, Southern Germany. The work presented here investigates the factors that affect stocking success and to propose future improvements. From 1998 to 2001, stocking experiments were carried out with 90,000 graylings (the majority of which being marked) in 9 selected rivers of Southern Bavaria. The investigated area stretches over 90 km and covers approx...
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