Both, from an economical and ecological perspective, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is one of Europes most important tree species. Forest stands are still being affected by the so-called novel forest die back, even though for the last years anthropogenetic pollutant emissions have been reduced. So far, the effects of selection in such polluted populations on the genetic composition of the populations have been described by isoenzyme gene markers. The possibilities of extending the range of gene markers available today to the DNA level for nuclear- as well as organelle genomes provide new prospects for investigating adaptation processes in field populations. The objectives of the present study were based on the following context: First, new nuclear DNA markers had to be developed and tested for their suitability in population genetic studies. The second emphasis was put on the application of these markers in addition to established chloroplast microsatellites to investigate the effects of different environmental pollutions on the genetic structure of Norway spruce populations. As reference isoenzyme gene markers were used. Starting from 15 gene sequences, and based on PCR-techniques, six new codominant EST-markers could be established, identifying areas of the spruce genome which have not been investigated so far. The analysis of these locus-specific markers in a reference population indicated their suitability for proving and quantifying genetic variation in populations. Compared to isoenzyme gene markers, they specify a more even allele distribution and enable the detection of a high degree of genetic diversity and heterozygosity. Analysis of recombination indicated no linkage among loci of the new markers. Spruce populations from three different stress scenarios were taken for ecological genetic studies. The main stressors were heavy metals and SO2 at a site close to Spi (Slovakia), SO2 in a clone plantation in the Saxonian Ore mountains and salt in the Mönichswald near Gunzenhausen (Bavaria). At each location, the individuals with opposite characteristics with regards to the sensitivity towards the affecting harmful substance, were identified in pairs and grouped (sensitive vs. tolerant). The genetic structure of sensitive and tolerant spruce collectives was studied by eight DNA markers and 19 isoenzyme gene loci for the nuclear genome as well as by three microsatellites for the chloroplast genome. When compared to sensitive collectives, pollutant-tolerant individuals showed a lower genetic variation. This was indicated by all mean values of the variation estimators based on nuclear markers. The evaluation of single DNA loci revealed the fact that markers are indeed affected by pressure selection in different ways. While some markers are equally affected by different stress scenarios others showed differences between sensitive and tolerant collectives only under specific environmental conditions. In all, statistically significant differences in allele- and/or genotype frequencies between collectives could be verified in none of the isoenzyme gene loci, but noteworthy, in four of the DNA markers. These results reflect the high potential of the newly developed DNA markers. In addition, clear frequency shifts between sensitive and tolerant collectives of Norway spruce were indicated regarding the haplotypes of the chloroplast genome. These deviations are also expressed in terms of differences in diversity which could be statistically verified in all three stress scenarios. The results are interpreted as an indication for selection pressure triggered by environmental stress on the paternally inherited chloroplast genome. Furthermore, two spruce populations from different altitudes, (800m vs. 1800m above sea level) which represent notorious different natural environments were investigated. In contrast to the studies of anthropogen stress conditions, statistically significant differences among populations could neither be identified with nuclear DNA, nor could with chloroplast markers. This genetic survey of spruce populations clearly proves that the DNA markers developed within this study are promising molecular tools for the field of forest genetics.
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Both, from an economical and ecological perspective, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is one of Europes most important tree species. Forest stands are still being affected by the so-called novel forest die back, even though for the last years anthropogenetic pollutant emissions have been reduced. So far, the effects of selection in such polluted populations on the genetic composition of the populations have been described by isoenzyme gene markers. The possibilities of extending the rang...
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