One of the key issues of DNA-based therapies is the immunostimulatory effect caused by DNA, which it has a significant impact on the consequences of these therapies. This is a result of the recognition by Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9); a pattern recognition receptor for unmethylated CpG motifs within DNA sequences. However, recent studies show that TLR9 can recognize non-CpG motifs and induce cellular activation when DNA is efficiently delivered to TLR9, for example, by cationic lipids. Moreover, recent research shows that TLR9-independent immunoactivation could take place. Here, we have attempted to present an overview of immunoactivation by DNA to optimize DNA-based therapies.     «

One of the key issues of DNA-based therapies is the immunostimulatory effect caused by DNA, which it has a significant impact on the consequences of these therapies. This is a result of the recognition by Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9); a pattern recognition receptor for unmethylated CpG motifs within DNA sequences. However, recent studies show that TLR9 can recognize non-CpG motifs and induce cellular activation when DNA is efficiently delivered to TLR9, for example, by cationic lipids. Moreover,...     »