Strong foundations have not been laid regarding plant yield improvements in most agricultural ecosystems close to freshwater surfaces. Indeed mycorrhizal activities in regulating plant nutrient cycles belowground have been neglected. A perfect replacement to fertilizer has not been discovered suitable for such biomes. Benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been richly explored globally but practical techniques in implementation is challenging in the tropics due to poverty. Being native to Lake Victoria ecology, Moringa species in symbiosis with AMF could build a model to help understand issues that can improve growth conditions and plant performance.
The aim of this study was to increase knowledge about the roles of microbial consortium which effect mycorrhization by using economically-targeted tropical Moringa plants. The study design covered biological soil fertility enhancement methods, fitting eco-sensitive complex large water biomes, since very little has been done in the region. The concept was to understand specific roles of AMF in plant nutrition, survival and yield enhancements in indigenous tropical plants viz M. stenopetala and M. oleifera, for forestation or alley-cropping in the environmentally degraded sites in Lake Victoria basin, Kenya. The specific purpose of this research was to evaluate mycorrhizal interactions in greenhouse experiments, by investigating nutrient availability signals in symbiotic and biomass factors used as indicators for improved nutrition in Moringa seedlings. The intention was to gain insight into microbial interactions in soil types sampled from representative regions (40 km transect limit) of Lake Victoria eco-zones.
The soils were divided into four blocks; three native soils and a standard substrate. The native soils were further divided into tillage frequency such as high tillage (HT), in loamy oxisols from arableland, clay medium tillage (MT) alfisols sampled from sugar plantations farming regions and paddy low tillage (LT) types, of vertisols/histosols origin cored from a rice plantation area.
The first objective in this study was to perform a biotest on soil potential using Plantago major as trap-culture and indicator to harness autochthonous mycorrhiza and evaluate biomass in native soils under greenhouse experiments. This was designed to revitalize soil functions, determine plant performance through the indicator plant and develop inoculum bank.
The results from microscopic hyphopodium bioassays revealed high mycorrhizal colonization identified from paddy LT soils. Distinct mycorrhizal structures mostly intra-radical vesicles, intracellular arbuscules, coils and hyphae were identified from the screened rootlets sampled from paddy LT. Higher germination rates and plant vigour was recorded from the paddy LT soils compared to other two native soils. A record of >90% degree of colonization was quantified on mycorrhized rootlets.
Developments from the first objective invited a follow-up investigation based on plant performance analyses. Questions to answer involved identifying factors responsible for biomass differences (e.g. soil properties or mycorrhization). Paddy LT soils, which were characterized by higher level of potassium (K+) mineral content, showed faster germination rates, growth and mycorrhization. For this reason extended K+ and AMF tests were performed on Moringa seedlings under controlled growth conditions. The results showed that AMF and K+ factors influenced tuber formation and growth of Moringa species.
In the next step, an experiment was performed to evaluate Moringa plant response to AMF and specific nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) in Chickpea rhizobia (Rhizobium sp.) inoculation. Harnessed autochthonous and a cocktail of cultured AMF (Glomus intraradices, G. hoi and G. mosseae) inoculum was used on Moringa seedlings. Out of choice, native (paddy LT) and a standard soil type was set for analysing impacts of autochthonous and cultured AMF (refered to as “allochthonous” mycorrhiza in this study) on Moringa plants. AMF cocktail and harnessed mycorrhizal community, mostly of Glomus tenuis influenced Moringa plant growth concurrently.
In attempts to investigate optimal growth promotion conditions, a fertilizer versus Moringa plant growth enhancer (MPGE) experiment was set. Being a plant growth promoter, MPGE and commercial fertilizer was concurrently added to the seedlings in limited proportions. MPGE is 100% Moringa plant material rich in plant nutrients and healthy to riverine and lake ecosystems. The use of Moringa as a multipurpose forest plant and growth enhancer in Agriculture, with high fertilizing ability makes Moringa a major candidate for sustainable resource management. For this reason, effects of commercial fertilizer and MPGE were tested. Plants established in MPGE showed improved growth in heights. Larger root tubers and comparatively larger basal stem diameters were observed on MPGE treated Moringa plants, although greater heights and faster growth was recorded on fertilized samples.
Finally, rhizotron methods were used in observing root developments. Morphometric fine root parameters such as root growth rates (RGR), specific root lengths (SRL) were analysed. Finer root formation with larger root surface in inoculated Moringa rootlets identified in Moringa rootlets, could assist in assessing improved nutrient uptake indicated by biomass returns.
In this study, soil factor and treatments promoted growth of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera.
The results prove that MPGE and AMF are potential candidates in enhancing soil fertility in ecosystems associated with riverine or large water regimes. The findings are expected to contribute in optimizing production techniques related to low in-put agriculture.
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