Purpose: This study aims to perform a comprehensive analysis of four different inter- vention scenarios for a typical office building, located in Munich, Germany. Scenarios include: maintenance, renovation, demolition, and new building with either reinforced concrete structure or timber structure. Methods: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) were conducted to provide insight into the environmental and economic impact of the exam- ined scenarios. The Eco-Efficiency (EE) analysis method was chosen to provide a holis- tic approach for the decision-making process. Tools: LCA analysis was performed via the OneClick LCA tool. LCCs were obtained with the BKI (Baukosteninformationszentrum Deutscher Architektenkammern) costs table for upfront expenditures (renovation, new construction). Costs during the use phase were assessed in accordance with BNB (Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen) guidelines. Results and discussion: The comparison of the four scenarios over a 50-year horizon shows that the renovation alternative dominates in terms of eco-efficiency: it yields a materially lower global-warming potential than the maintenance-only scenario (–10 %), while entailing only a moderate increase in life-cycle costs (6 %). Options with new con- struction, New Building Concrete and New Building Timber, while offering a reduction in operational energy for about 22 % compared to the Maintenance scenario and about 10% compared to the Renovation, require big upfront investments both economically and environmentally. Conclusion: Renovation scenario would be recommended as it shows the most robust eco-efficiency output, combining lower environmental impacts than the Maintenance scenario with comparatively low upfront costs, making it the most favourable strategy from a life-cycle perspective when both cost and carbon are considered. Despite both new building options showing better performance during the use stage, upfront emis- sions undermine that advantage with high upfront investments from an economic and environmental point of view.     «

Purpose: This study aims to perform a comprehensive analysis of four different inter- vention scenarios for a typical office building, located in Munich, Germany. Scenarios include: maintenance, renovation, demolition, and new building with either reinforced concrete structure or timber structure. Methods: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) were conducted to provide insight into the environmental and economic impact of the exam- ined scenarios. The Eco-Effici...     »