During chronic infections, virus-specific CD8 T cells acquire a differentiation program that is distinct from the one acquired in acute infections. The persisting antigen stimulation causes T cells to become dysfunctional which means that they show impaired effector functions and up-regulated inhibitory receptor expression. To understand the molecular foundation of CD8 T cells dysfunction, we compared the transcriptional profiles of normal and dysfunctional CD8 T cells. We found the transcription factor TOX as one of the mostly upregulated gene in chronically stimulated CD8 T cells.
To study the function of TOX, we generated a conditional Knock Out mouse which facilitates peripheral deletion of functional TOX protein in P14 T cells. Following adoptive transfer of ∆TOX or wt P14 in naïve mice infected with acute LCMV Armstrong or chronic LCMV clone13 infection, phenotype and functional analysis, as well as transcriptional profiling, were performed. Moreover, human HCV and Influenza samples were analyzed.
TOX expression correlates with the chronic phenotype, both in mice and humans. The absence of TOX induces an effector phenotype, with decreased PD1 but increased KLRG-1 expression and cytokines production. The enhanced effector phenotype is coupled with stronger effector function, which leads to a better viral clearance, but also to an increase in immunopathology. Moreover, TOX absence impairs the survival of dysfunctional CD8 T cells, without affecting CD8 T cells baring an acute phenotype. This impaired survival is due to the loss of the critical Tcf-1+ population in ∆TOX P14 T cells. Interestingly, Tcf-1+ ∆TOX P14 T cells show a strong decrease in PD-1 expression compared to wt Tcf-1+ P14 T cells.
TOX promotes the dysfunctional phenotype in CD8 T cells, nonetheless ensures their fitness for long term maintenance during chronic infection. Therefore, TOX is a key regulator of the differentiation program in chronically stimulated T cells.
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During chronic infections, virus-specific CD8 T cells acquire a differentiation program that is distinct from the one acquired in acute infections. The persisting antigen stimulation causes T cells to become dysfunctional which means that they show impaired effector functions and up-regulated inhibitory receptor expression. To understand the molecular foundation of CD8 T cells dysfunction, we compared the transcriptional profiles of normal and dysfunctional CD8 T cells. We found the transcriptio...
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