Listeria contaminations on red smear cheeses still represent a problem which attracts interest, as no defined ripening culture is available so far. It has been shown that the frequent contamination of these types of cheeses results from a post-process contamination arising from traditional methods of cheese production, such as "old-young-smearing". The incidence of Listeria spp. in 415 European red smear cheeses (including acid curd cheese) was determined over a period of eight months. Out of 329 red-smear cheese samples of various types, 6.4% were shown to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Eight samples contained more than 100 L. monocytogenes cfu/cm2 cheese surface, 2 samples had counts exceeding 104 cfu/cm2 cheese surface. Surprisingly, a higher incidence of L. monocytogenes was observed in cheeses made from pasteurized milk (8.0 %) than in cheeses manufactured from raw milk (4.8 %). Listeria were found more frequently in cheese samples from Germany (7%) than in samples from France (3%). Out of 41 acid curd cheese samples examined, two samples (4.8%) were found to be positive for Listeria monocytogenes. Cell counts were below 10 cfu/cm2. Phage-typing of isolated Listeria strains clearly confirmed that (i) contaminations within dairy plants were persistent over a period of several weeks to months, and (ii) suggested that cross-contamination within the dairy plant is an important factor. Furthermore, the potential of Lactobacillus plantarum producing pediocin AcH to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes on red smear cheese was investigated. Soft and semi-soft cheeses and either complex wash-off cultures from commercial cheeses or a defined ripening culture were used in these experiments. Lb. plantarum was pre-cultured in a special culture medium in order to produce maximum pediocin AcH activity. A complete growth reduction was observed at 2 x 102 cfu L. monocytogenes per ml of salt brine solution on soft cheeses ripened with a defined ripening culture over a period of six weeks. When challenged with more than 102 cfu/ml brine, inhibitory effects were less satisfactory. Nutrients of the culture media, which were also applied to the cheese surface, obviously promoted the growth of Listeria cells. In further experiments, Pediocin-resistant mutants of Listeria appeared. Employing these resistant strains for artificial contamination in further experiments resulted in high Listeria cell counts on the cheese surface; no significant inhibitory effect could be observed, in these cases. In order to prevent the occurrence of resistant strains, the simultaneous or subsequent application of different bacteriocins could be a promising approach. Therefore, a defined ripening culture was developed by combination of different bacteriocinogenic cheese smear coryneform bacteria isolated from different cheeses. However, the establishment of a stable surface flora could not be observed, and anti-listerial effects were less pronounced than those observed using single strain cultures for ripening, whereas strong inhibition could be achieved by combination of seven non-bacteriocin-producing strains with Staphylococcus equorum WS 2733, a foodborne strain that was found to produce a potent antibacterial substance identified as Micrococcin. Inhibitory effects could also be observed when using complex wash-off cultures from different red smear cheese types taken from commercial sources. The exact reason for these effects are still unknown. Combination of single strains of two complex wash-off cultures and their use as "defined ripening culture" displayed significant antilisterial effects when imitating the method of traditional "old-young-smearing" under laboratory conditions. During these experiments, the development of the ripening culture was monitored over a period of several weeks, using FT-IR-spectroscopy for identification of a high number of strains of coryneform bacteria. It could be shown that the composition of the surface flora changed dramatically. In a ripening experiment, the development of the flora could be followed and enabled the composition of a defined flora of 12 strains, which was successfully used for six subsequent productions of red smear soft cheese under laboratory conditions. Summarizing all the ripening experiments, it is evident that there is no single approach for effective control of Listeria monocytogenes in red smear cheese, when contamination occurs in a dairy. Nevertheless, the use of bacteriocin producing cultures in cases of acute contamination, and the use of defined ripening cultures in combination with a good manufacturing practice as protective measures, can significally aid in reducing the still unacceptably high contamination rates of soft cheeses with Listeria.
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Listeria contaminations on red smear cheeses still represent a problem which attracts interest, as no defined ripening culture is available so far. It has been shown that the frequent contamination of these types of cheeses results from a post-process contamination arising from traditional methods of cheese production, such as "old-young-smearing". The incidence of Listeria spp. in 415 European red smear cheeses (including acid curd cheese) was determined over a period of eight months. Out of 32...
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