The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires ecological monitoring and classification systems for all surface water and groundwater bodies. These systems have to consider a range of biological quality elements, supported by measurements of physico-chemistry and hydrology. Aquatic macrophytes are one of the biological quality elements relevant for the assessment of lakes. Although aquatic plants are already an important tool for indicating the trophic status of lakes, adequate indicating systems fulfilling the demands of the WFD are still missing. This thesis introduces the development of a macrophyte based assessment system that can be applied to lakes throughout Germany. The evolved system is underpinned by extensive field surveys throughout Germany, supplemented by available data of previous studies. Considered are especially lakes with an area of at least 0,5 km². With the application of Correspondence Analyses to the data of undisturbed reference sites, natural types of lake sites can be found. These types represent different plant habitats and therefore show characteristic macrophyte communities. To make it possible to assign disturbed sites as well, the types are defined by characteristics that are unaffected by human impact. Four types are distinguished by ecoregion, Ca²+ content, mixis and morphology: MTS: sites within softwater lakes of mountainous areas or Northern Germany. AK(s): sites within carbon rich lakes situated in the (foothills of the) Alps. including the subtype of extremely steep sites in Alpine lakes. TKg: sites within stratified water bodies of Northern Germany TKp: sites within polymictic water bodies of Northern Germany.For each type an own assessment system is described. Due to the high degree of natural variability among the emerged vegetation, only submerged macrophytes (hydrophytes) are used to indicate the ecological quality of lake sites. Using vegetation tables for each type, specific groups of species with ecologically similar qualities can be identified: Species group A contains taxa, dominating under reference conditions. Those taxa can be named type specific. Species showing high abundance on polluted sites are excluded. Species group B includes species with wide ecological amplitude as well as taxa indicating moderate loads. According to the extent of degradation, these taxa grow together with species of group A or C in varying proportions. Species group of C are dominant at highly disturbed sites. These taxa are rarely found under reference conditions. The assessment of lake sites results from the calculation of the so called reference index. Therefore the macrophyte abundances (P) are transformed into metrically scaled values (quantities = Q) using the function Q=P³. The species occurring on each site are added up over all surveyed degrees of depth. The resulting index value quantifies the deviation of the vegetation from those at reference conditions. In addition to the index, the share of specific indicators has to be considered to classify the site to one of five ecological quality classes (high, good, moderate, poor, bad) mentioned in the WFD. Finally, several examples for the application of the developed system are given and correlations between the reference index and the Makrophytenindex (MELZER 1988) are examined. With the example of Lake Chiemsee the possibilities for the assessment of an entire lake are discussed. The application on several Bavarian lakes proves the suitability of the assessment system for indicating ecological quality of lakes. Therefore it is an appropriate tool for the bioassessment of lakes according to the WFD.
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The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires ecological monitoring and classification systems for all surface water and groundwater bodies. These systems have to consider a range of biological quality elements, supported by measurements of physico-chemistry and hydrology. Aquatic macrophytes are one of the biological quality elements relevant for the assessment of lakes. Although aquatic plants are already an important tool for indicating the trophic status of lakes, adequate indicating...
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