Heat pumps are recognized for their potential to reduce CO2 emissions in residential heating, particularly when replacing traditional natural gas systems. Their performance can be enhanced when integrated into district-level energy management systems and demand response programs. However, the CO2 abatement cost, the expense of reducing emissions through the installation of heat pumps, has not yet been fully explored at the district level. This study reveals a substantial disparity in CO2 abatement costs between typical urban and rural districts, identifying the conditions that make heat pump deployment most cost-effective. Rural districts, with their higher heat demand, emerge as more suitable candidates for the electrification of the heat sector. The research also indicates that district demand-side management not only helps mitigate CO2 abatement costs but also reduces the negative impacts of a large number of heat pumps. Additionally, a lower emission intensity of electricity could lead to a 50% reduction in CO2 abatement costs. This research outlines a cost-effective approach to reducing emissions through the use of heat pumps, thereby setting a benchmark for district-level heat pump investments towards achieving low-carbon districts. The findings could provide valuable information that informs strategic decision-making on the replacement of conventional heating systems with heat pumps.     «

Heat pumps are recognized for their potential to reduce CO2 emissions in residential heating, particularly when replacing traditional natural gas systems. Their performance can be enhanced when integrated into district-level energy management systems and demand response programs. However, the CO2 abatement cost, the expense of reducing emissions through the installation of heat pumps, has not yet been fully explored at the district level. This study reveals a substantial disparity in CO2 abateme...     »