The Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) is an important immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug target. It belongs to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-controlled transcription factors. Upon binding of its ligands such as cortisone or dexamethasone, GR translocates to the nucleus to regulate the expression of target genes either positively or negatively. The anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GC) are mostly attributed to the repression of inflammatory genes by GR. Transcriptional repression by GR is mainly thought to occur via “tethering” or transrepression. In this mechanism, GR interacts with DNA-bound pro-inflammatory transcription factors (i.e. NF-kB and AP-1) to repress transcription and interfere with their activity without direct DNA binding. On the contrary, direct DNA binding by GR is generally believed to mediate gene activation, and the up-regulation of metabolic genes, for example, is thought to cause many of the adverse effects of treatment with GCs. However, the exact mechanisms mediating activation or repression still remain unknown.
However, here the generation of a new mouse line, named GRDZn, with a point mutation in the DNA-binding domain of GR, reveals that DNA binding is essential for both transcriptional activation and repression. This mutant tethers via protein-protein interactions to NF-kB but no longer recognizes specific DNA sequences. The application of genomic NGS and proteomic techniques, under inflammatory conditions, showed that DNA recognition is actually required for the assembly of a functional co-regulator complex to mediate glucocorticoid responses. Both mouse embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages from GRDZn mice fail to respond to treatment with GC under any of the conditions tested, even though tethered sites can be detected near inflammatory genes.
These findings challenge the model of transcriptional repression by tethering and in turn highlight the importance of DNA binding by GR in the control of inflammatory responses. These results may contribute to the development of safer immunomodulators with fewer side effects.
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The Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) is an important immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug target. It belongs to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-controlled transcription factors. Upon binding of its ligands such as cortisone or dexamethasone, GR translocates to the nucleus to regulate the expression of target genes either positively or negatively. The anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GC) are mostly attributed to the repression of inflammatory genes by GR. Transcriptional re...
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