Endophytes are microorganisms colonizing plant internal tissues. They are ubiquitously associated with plants and play important roles in plant health. Seeds, like no other plant organs, provide insights into the origin of plant microbiota. However, their impact on plant microbiota assembly remains elusive. The composition and function of seed-borne endophytes have yet to be characterized. In this thesis, we used barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the model plant to investigate seed-borne endophytes and their influence on the root microbiome.
The first study characterized barley seed-borne endophytes and investigated the role of seed-borne endophytes as a source of “first inoculum” of root microbiome. We found that the structure of barley seed-borne endophytes was cultivar-dependent. However, most of the bacterial endophyte were shared by seeds of different cultivars, mainly including Phyllobacterium, Enterobacter, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas. Under sterile conditions, the major groups in barley roots were similar to the profile of seed microbiome, indicating the vertical transmission of endophytes from seeds to roots. When plants were grown in soil, seed-borne endophytes became less abundant in root microbiome. Instead, Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, and Burkholderiales were enriched in barley roots, indicating a strong influence of the soil bacterial community.
The second study explored the genomic features of the seed-borne endophytes vertically transmitted to roots. The most prevalent functions include chemotaxis, biofilm formation and adhesion, such as methyl-accepting chemotaxis, flagella, pili, and hemagglutinin. Other dominant functional pathways were found to be osmoprotectants and antioxidant enzymes pivotal to survive the high osmotic pressure as well as amylase, aminopeptidase, and phytase, which are critical for nutrient mobilization during seed germination. ACC deaminase and IAA production were widely distributed in seed-borne endophytes. The most abundant secretion system was found to be the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). T3SS was also widely occurred. However, the needle part of the T3SS was missing, coining the term “disarmed pathogen”.
Besides the initial microbial inoculum provided by seeds, soil microbiome confers an extremely high diversity to plants. Our third study investigated the effect of soil microbiome on barley drought tolerance and the response of endophytes under drought stress. We found similar barley plant performance in the natural and autoclaved soil under well-irrigated conditions. However, plants did perform better under drought stress in the presence of the natural soil microbiome compared to autoclaved soil with a disturbed microbiome. Following exposure to drought, Massilia was enriched in barley root endophytes. OTUs belonged to Actinobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales were also enriched. With regards to fungi, OTUs assigned to Pleurophragmium and Falciphora were enriched in roots under drought stress. In the autoclaved soil, 4 drought-enriched root OTUs assigned to Pantoea and Erwinia were found with seed origin. Besides, many drought-related genera were also detected in barley seeds, although not the same OTUs. Our results indicate a possible correlation between the seed-borne endophytes and the root microbiome of drought-stressed plants.
In summary, we characterized the composition and function of barley seed-borne endophytes. Our work shed light on the role of seed-borne endophytes as drivers in the assembly of root microbiome. Although their exact roles on plant growth still needs to be addressed, it is possible that they benefit plant development during germination and establishment of the seedlings. The potential significance of seed-borne endophytes on plant drought tolerance was also implicated.
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Endophytes are microorganisms colonizing plant internal tissues. They are ubiquitously associated with plants and play important roles in plant health. Seeds, like no other plant organs, provide insights into the origin of plant microbiota. However, their impact on plant microbiota assembly remains elusive. The composition and function of seed-borne endophytes have yet to be characterized. In this thesis, we used barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the model plant to investigate seed-borne endophytes an...
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