Tropical mountain forests (TMF) of the Andes are a biodiversity hot spot with high levels of endemism. At the same time, they provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESS) to society that are essential for human well-being. Over the last decades, Andean TMF have been threatened by ongoing anthropogenic transformation to other land uses, resulting in a loss of biodiversity and overall ESS provision on the landscape level. As a consequence, global efforts to promote the conservation and sustainable use of TMF have increased. Sustainable forest management (SFM) has been proposed as one tool to contribute towards this objective, as it is considered a balance between full protection and more intensive land uses. However, silvicultural management, an integral part of SFM, is hindered by a lack of location-specific knowledge on ecological aspects as well as on the impact of silvicultural interventions on forest stands in TMF. This thesis therefore aims to expand the current knowledge base on these aspects. Specific objectives were to gain a better understanding on environmental factors shaping the distribution of tree species and to quantify the impacts of silvicultural treatments and environmental factors on tree growth for an upper montane forest in southern Ecuador.
Data for the analyses originated from a silvicultural experiment established in 2003 to study the effects on tree growth and ecological impact of a liberation thinning. Further, topographic predictors were derived from a very high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM), which was generated based on an airborne LiDAR survey. Topographic predictors served as proxies for environmental factors, since topography plays an important role for many ecological processes in TMF, with reported effects on tree growth and the distribution of tree species.
The relationship between the spatial distribution of tree species and topography was analysed employing two presence-only species distribution modelling techniques: The maximum entropy model (Maxent) and the ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA). The locations of all individual trees of the 16 most abundant species within the area of the silvicultural experiment served as occurrence data. Model performance was assessed by the true skill statistic and area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC), using both k-fold data partitions and null-models. Performance varied among species and metrics, but generally Maxent models showed better performance than ENFA models. Furthermore, the ecological plausibility of models was confirmed by comparing them with a previously established forest type classification. Both Maxent and ENFA models identified elevation and the topographic position index (TPI) as the main determinants for the distribution of most of the tree species, whereas a wetness index, aspect and slope only had minor importance. Additionally, prediction maps of habitat suitability were created for each species.
The relative effects of a silvicultural treatment and topography on growth rates at the tree level were analysed using a linear mixed-effect model. The silvicultural treatment consisted of a liberation thinning, i.e. the removal of the strongest crown competitors, which was applied to potential crop trees (PCTs) in 2004. Based on monitoring data from 174 released and 200 reference PCTs of eight timber species, the periodic annual increment (PAI) in the diameter at breast height (DBH) six years after the silvicultural treatment was calculated as the outcome variable. As topographic predictors, elevation and TPI were used. To control for the by-species growth variability, random intercepts for species and random slopes for the effect of treatment on species was included in the model. Results showed that PAI was significantly influenced by the topographic predictors. Over the elevational gradient, growth rates declined on average by 0.73 mm a−1 per 100 m increase in elevation. For the topographic position, PCTs in valleys had an average PAI of 2.02 mm a−1 compared to 1.04 mm a−1 on ridges. The effect of the silvicultural treatment across all species was only marginally significant, but its effect size was nevertheless within the range, but at the lower end of values reported for other tropical forest ecosystems (reference trees: 1.35 mm a−1; released trees: 1.60 mm a−1). Model outcomes suggested that five species responded positively to the silvicultural treatment, whereas three species showed no treatment effect. Overall, tree growth varied substantially as indicated by the large residual variance that remained unaccounted for in the model. Results suggests that silvicultural interventions have potential in the sustainable management of TMF.
The common key takeaway of the analyses is that the spatial distribution of tree species and diameter growth of PCTs were influenced to a large extent by topography in general, and elevation and the topographic position in particular. The fact that fundamental forest characteristics vary considerably within short geographic distances in TMF underlines that instead of “broad-brush” management, multifunctional zoning and management prescriptions should be based on the fine-scale environmental heterogeneity. Promising use cases for topographic predictors in SFM include spatially explicit estimations and mapping of timber stocks and sustainable yield, mapping of ESS, species-specific delineation of areas suited for enrichment planting, and site-species matching in reforestation activities. However, in order to apply these use cases in practice, further research focusing on predictive modelling, improved model transferability and inclusion of nontopographic predictors (e.g. climate variables) is necessary.
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Tropical mountain forests (TMF) of the Andes are a biodiversity hot spot with high levels of endemism. At the same time, they provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESS) to society that are essential for human well-being. Over the last decades, Andean TMF have been threatened by ongoing anthropogenic transformation to other land uses, resulting in a loss of biodiversity and overall ESS provision on the landscape level. As a consequence, global efforts to promote the conservation and sustain...
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