To combine the lightweight potential of fiber reinforced composites with the characteristics of thermoplastic films in terms of mass production is the thesis guiding idea. The work aims for a cost reduction for optical appealing automotive body parts by a combined draping of fibrous material with the forming step of thermoplastic films.
In a first step, thermoplastic films fully envelope the dry fibers in an air tight manner and stabilize the fibers during transportation by evacuating the encased space, forming a flat semi-finished product. In a second step, this stack of two film layers and the fiber material is three-dimensionally reshaped, using a thermo-forming process. A reactive polymer system is subsequently injected into the film package, saturating the fiber material. During cure, adhesion between film and matrix builds up, which causes the film to permanently bond to the composite surface, increasing the parts usability. Thus, the thermoplastic film satisfies multiple functionalities by
• fixating the fibers to a storable, semi-finished part
• draping the fibers
• separating the matrix from the tool surface
• acting as a surface layer or welding solder
The complexity of this approach is split up into sub problems (processing parameters for the matrix, bonding behavior of the film to the substrate and thermally induced stress). These are individually investigated (using numerical and experimental analysis) before superimposing the partial solutions to the process. The numerical investigation of thermally induced stress reveals a positive correlation of bonding stress (film to substrate) with processing temperature. Cohesion failure in the fiber substrate during peel tests can be observed. This good bonding quality is traced back to a mixing zone (thermoset/thermoplastic). This zone builds up in a phase, when the thermoplastic material is dissolved in the hardener component of the reacting matrix.
The fiber architecture prints through the film surface, leading to local differences in surface height. These differences were numerically investigated and a complex correlation with fiber architecture and processing temperature was found. However, no significant correlation between simulation and experiment was found during validation. Reasons for that are discussed.
Contributing factors to the differences in surface height were experimentally characterized. It is shown that an increasing reaction rate of the matrix, low processing temperature and a smooth tooling surface has a positive effect on the surface of the film. During the conversion of laboratory results to the real process, further decline of surface quality was observed. Reasons for that were found in gaps between rovings, which increase during the draping step and furthermore in the negative effect of particles (arise from production environment) during the forming process of the film. These particles were found between the film and the tool. In order to produce mold-falling parts with high surface quality, such particles must be excluded. In an alternative scenario, theses particles and the resulting defects can be accepted, when the top layer of the thermoplastic film is used as a sacrifice layer. That layer is then mechanically removed and at least one coating layer is applied.
Based on these partial solutions, an experimental production system was set up. That system includes one module for the production of the flat semi-finished products (film – fiber) and one module for forming, consolidation, injection and demolding. Both modules were automated. The implemented equipment realized draping and saturation of the fibers in the same cavity of the mold. Each press stroke produced one part. Based on an automotive part, the production of the semi-finished film-fiber-product, fiber draping and consolidation could be demonstrated.
A cost-benefit analysis was conducted and showed a cost reduction of 18% with an increase of production volume of 11% in comparison to the RTM-process for automotive body part applications.
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To combine the lightweight potential of fiber reinforced composites with the characteristics of thermoplastic films in terms of mass production is the thesis guiding idea. The work aims for a cost reduction for optical appealing automotive body parts by a combined draping of fibrous material with the forming step of thermoplastic films.
In a first step, thermoplastic films fully envelope the dry fibers in an air tight manner and stabilize the fibers during transportation by evacuating the encas...
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