This work was designed to characterize the biological function of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) by generating and analyzing an IL-18 deficient mouse strain (IL-18KO). IL-18KO mice developed normally and showed no obvious abnormalities up to 70 weeks of age. The mice were fertile and anatomically and histologically normal. Flow cytometry revealed a normal gross distribution of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs; however, the intensity of expression of the T-cell receptor associated molecule CD3 on mature T-cells was slightly decreased. In vitro antibody crosslinking of CD3 on T-cells from IL-18KO mice revealed normal induction of IL-2 production and proliferation. IL-18KO mice showed decreased sensitivity towards shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induced Interferon gamma (IFN-g) production was completely abrogated, yet induction of Interleikin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was not affected. Both wild-type and IL-18KO mice succumbed to LPS-induced lethal shock when D-galactosamine (D-GalN) was coadministered, known to sensitize mice for the lethal effects of TNF. However, in marked contrast to LPS, the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B (SEB), which activates a major subpopulation of T-cells to release cytokines (e.g. IFN-g or IL-2), induced normal IFN-g levels in IL-18KO mice. SEB induced upregulation of cell surface markers CD14, CD122 (IL-2Rb), and CD132 (IL-2Rg) on periteonal macrophages in IL-18KO mice as in wild-type controls. Moreover, SEB injection rendered IL-18KO mice sensitive for subsequent challenge with LPS. The degree of sensitization was comparable to that in wild-type controls with respect to lethality. However, LPS-induced TNF levels in serum were significantly reduced in SEB-sensitized IL-18KO mice, as compared to wild-type controls. These results imply that IL-18 plays an important role in induction of IFN-g and therefore in regulation of innate immunity (including LPS-induced lethal cytokine syndrome). The primary cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response, even when an optimal adjuvants (Oligodeoxynucleotide 1668, ODN 1668)was used, was dramatically decreased in IL-18KO mice as compared to wild-type controls. This defect was due to the absence of IL-18, since administration of recombinant murine IL-18 (rmuIL-18) recontituted CTL reactivity. Neither IFN-g deficient nor Interleukin-12 (IL-12) deficient mice displayed a decreased CTL response when an identical protocol of immunization was applied. Interestingly, using the saponine QuilA as adjuvant, a normal CTL response in IL-18KO mice was observed. Immunization of IL-18KO mice with allogeneic cells (IL-18 +/+) resulted in a normal CTL response. The response of IL-18KO miceto the TLR 9 ligand ODN1668 was identical to wildtype mice: IL-12 and IFN-g induction as well as induction of a TH1 biased memory could be induced. These results, together with the observation, that dendritic cells of wild-type mice produced IL-18 in response to ODN1668, imply an important role of IL-18 in activation of cytotoxic T-cells by antigen presenting dendritic cells. This role of IL-18 could be of importance during immune responses to viral infections, as well as in tumorimmunology and during the process of allograft rejection.
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This work was designed to characterize the biological function of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) by generating and analyzing an IL-18 deficient mouse strain (IL-18KO). IL-18KO mice developed normally and showed no obvious abnormalities up to 70 weeks of age. The mice were fertile and anatomically and histologically normal. Flow cytometry revealed a normal gross distribution of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs; however, the intensity of expression of the T-cell receptor associated molecule CD3 on mature T...
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