Pancreatic cancer patients have a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate below 5%. Next generation sequencing of human tumour samples provided scientists with a wealth of novel candidate genes, which still require the validation for their relevance in cancer biology. Genetically engineered mouse models have opened the possibility to study gene function during tumorigenesis at unprecedented depth; however, generation of alleles/models is limited by the long duration and high expenses for the mouse line maintenance.
Here, we have developed a method for transfection-based in vivo delivery of multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 target vectors in mice, which enabled the high-throughput study of candidate genes in pancreatic cancer. We have found that simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of multiple relevant tumour suppressor genes in single cells of the pancreas led to a significantly shortened time to cancer development compared to a control cohort. The possibility to inactivate several genetic target sites in one cell allowed the fast generation of complex cancer genotypes in adult mice, thus recapitulating sporadic somatic mutations seen in cancer patients.
We further demonstrated important applications of multiplexed in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cancer research, such as combinatorial gene editing, in vivo synthetic lethality screening and phylogenetic studies on individual cancer founding clones. CRISPR/Cas9 multiplexing substantiated negative selection of lethal Brca2-inactivation in a pure KrasG12D background. Furthermore, unique CRISPR-induced mutational signatures were exploited to phylogenetically trace metastatic cancer clones and revealed the evolutionary origin of distinct morphological phenotypes in one cultured cancer sample. Additionally, multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 delivery induced somatic intra- as well as inter-chromosomal rearrangements, offering for the first time the opportunity to model this frequent phenomenon in the adult mouse pancreas.
In summary, we have established a transfection-based methodology for the mosaic delivery of multiple CRISPR/Cas9 vectors into individual pancreatic cells of adult mice, mimicking the stochastic nature of human tumorigenesis. Our pancreatic cancer model will increase the speed and the scalability for generating complex pancreatic cancer genotypes in mice. Thus, this advancement will open the possibility for basic research to study functional genomics and translational research to gain insights into different critical biological aspects of pancreatic cancer.
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Pancreatic cancer patients have a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate below 5%. Next generation sequencing of human tumour samples provided scientists with a wealth of novel candidate genes, which still require the validation for their relevance in cancer biology. Genetically engineered mouse models have opened the possibility to study gene function during tumorigenesis at unprecedented depth; however, generation of alleles/models is limited by the long duration and high expenses for the...
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