In this study, key parameters of the innate immune system were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 13 healthy volunteers aged 22 to 32 years before and after vaccination against the yellow fever virus, i.e. YF-17D, during a time window of 14 days. Using a combination of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses to determine the mRNA expression profiles of DDX58 (RIG-I) itself and of several IFN-inducible genes (ISGs), Western blot analyses to measure expression of RIG-I full length (RIG-I FL), RIG-I splice variant (RIG-I SV), and RIG-I short form (RIG-I SF) proteins, together with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses to examine alterations in the relative number of key innate immune cells in the circulation, the following results were obtained: qRT-PCR analysis revealed a marked and transient induction of RIG-I mRNA and of the type I ISGs, i.e. IRF7 (IFN regulatory factor 7; IRF7), ISG15 (ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier; ISG15), MX1 (MX dynamin-like GTPase 1; MX1), and CXCL10 (C-X-C motif ligand 10; IP-10): mRNAs of IRF7, ISG15, MX1, and CXCL10 were markedly and transiently up-regulated on days 3 and 7 after vaccination, while their expression returned to baseline levels on day 14; Western blot analyses revealed that RIG-I FL protein but not its isoforms RIG-I SV or RIG-I SF, were constitutively expressed before vaccination and its expression level was further transiently enhanced during the observation period. Both RIG-I SV and RIG-I SF were induced on day 3 with RIG-I SF peaking on day 7 with a still markedly elevated level on day 14. In contrast to RIG-I, protein expression of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) revealed inhibition at day 3 and thereafter though the protein of the virus sensor laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) showed similar kinetics as RIG-I, i.e. induction at days 3 and 7 and return at day 14 to prevaccination levels. These data are the first to demonstrate that RIG-I SF is induced after yellow fever vaccination in vivo. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that both RIG-I SV and RIG-I SF are critical endogenous negative feedback regulators of the type I IFN response to prevent its toxic overexpression. FACS analyses revealed that the relative number of all mononuclear cells in the circulation did not show a significant change within 14 days after vaccination. The relative number of CD14+/CD16- classical monocytes, however, was transiently down-regulated whereas the relative number of CD14+/CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes was significantly up-regulated on day 7. The relative number of all dendritic cells (DCs) remained unchanged during the course of the study. However, CD141+ classical DCs (cDCs; the mouse homologue of CD8+ DCs) were significantly reduced on days 3 and 7. In sharp contrast, CD1c+ cDCs were elevated on day 14 whereas the relative number of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) among all DCs was markedly reduced on day 14. Moreover, we observed upregulation of HLA-DR and CD86 of CD14+/CD16- and in CD14+/CD16+ monocytes and of HLA-DR in CD141-/CD1c+ cDCs and of CD86 in CD141+/CD1c- cDCs. In summary, these data reveal that both RIG-I mRNA and RIG-I FL protein are constitutively expressed in young healthy individuals before vaccination with significant transient changes during the observation period after immunization. Moreover, vaccination led to a significant upregulation of RIG-I mRNA and their respective proteins though RIG-I SF remained markedly elevated on day 14. Furthermore, vaccination was associated with significant upregulation of a series of classical ISGs. These data show that yellow fever vaccination in healthy young adults is associated with significant upregulation of ISGs and their cellular constituents in a scenario to ensure strong IFN responses while restricting toxic and overshooting responses at later time points. Although the regulation of RIG-I is arguably complex, the data obtained in this study indicate that RIG-I SV and RIG-I SF may represent hitherto unrecognized physiologically important negative feedback regulators of the type I IFN response. These data open the possibility to test new therapeutic strategies in diseases with aberrant type I IFN responses to either promote or to inhibit expression of RIG-I SF.
«
In this study, key parameters of the innate immune system were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 13 healthy volunteers aged 22 to 32 years before and after vaccination against the yellow fever virus, i.e. YF-17D, during a time window of 14 days. Using a combination of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses to determine the mRNA expression profiles of DDX58 (RIG-I) itself and of several IFN-inducible genes (ISGs), Western blot analys...
»