Radiation therapy is an essential component in the fight against cancer in 21st century. More than 40% of all patients with solid tumors are treated with radiation therapy. However, this treatment is also associated with undesirable late side effects, which have now been the subject of numerous studies. For example, when breast cancer patients are irradiated, part of the heart and lungs are in the field of the x-rays. Thus, the standard postoperative therapy for breast conservation treatment according to guidelines can lead to serious long-term side effects: The risk of developing ischemic cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction is significantly increased decades after radiotherapy.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the pathomechanisms which cause late radiation damages in lung and heart endothelial cells (ECs) in a mouse model.
Previously it has been shown that 5 - 20 weeks after irradiation of the heart with 8 Gy causes damages in ECs of the heart in mice. The goal of my study was to assess very late (20 - 50 weeks after radiotherapy) irradiation effects on primary ECs of the heart and lung of mice after in vivo irradiation. Therefore, the heart and one lung of the mice was irradiated with 8 and 16 Gy using the CT-image guided “Small Animal Research Radiation Platform” (SARRP), in vivo. At time intervals of 20, 30, 40 and 50 weeks after irradiation primary murine ECs from the heart and the irradiated as well as the unirradiated lung were extracted with the newly developed isolation method for primary ECs and analyzed phenotypically for different cell surface markers by flow cytometry.
The tested cell surface markers for ECs could be assigned into 4 different groups: Markers of proliferation (Integrin ß3, VE-cadherin, Endoglin), progenitor cells (Mucosialin), inflammation (PECAM-1, HCAM, ICAM-1/2, VCAM-1) and lipid metabolism (CD36). The analysis showed a long-term upregulation of inflammatory markers on ECs of the irradiated heart and lung, after in vivo irradiation with 8 and 16 Gy. Additionally, CD36, which is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, was upregulated after low (8 Gy) and high radiation doses (16 Gy) at nearly all measured points in time (20 - 50 weeks) in heart ECs. Endoglin was the only prolifer-ation marker that showed a significant increase in isolated heart ECs after an irradiation with 16 Gy for 20, 30, 40 and 50 weeks. The stem cell marker Mucosialin on the other hand remained unaltered in heart and lung ECs and thus did not show any radiation induced alterations.
In a mouse model the late side effects of radiotherapy were shown. The pathomechanism is based on radiation-induced EC dysfunction. Damage to the vessel wall leads to chronic inflammation and promotes the development of atherosclerotic plaques. As the blood flow is severely reduced by the obstructions, the risk of cardiac ischemia increases over time. However, the irradiated lung ECs also showed chronic inflammatory damages after a high radiation dose. These findings could explain an increased risk for pulmonary fibrosis after irradiation.
In humans, radiation induced cardiovascular diseases mostly occur within the first decades after irradiation. This also affects younger patients without typical cardiac risk factors. Therefore,
the first decades after radiation therapy should also include regular inspections of the heart in addition to the tumor control in the follow-up period.
Presently anti-inflammatory drugs are under investigation for the primary prevention of radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases. Cannabidiol, with its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, is one of the drugs which has been tested and has shown first promising results in mice.
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Radiation therapy is an essential component in the fight against cancer in 21st century. More than 40% of all patients with solid tumors are treated with radiation therapy. However, this treatment is also associated with undesirable late side effects, which have now been the subject of numerous studies. For example, when breast cancer patients are irradiated, part of the heart and lungs are in the field of the x-rays. Thus, the standard postoperative therapy for breast conservation treatment acc...
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