Subarachnoid bleedings count as subtypes of strokes and mainly affect younger patients. The clinical symptoms are often severe. Especially secondary complications, as for example the delayed ischemic neuronal deficit mainly contribute to a bad clinical outcome for the patient. The cause for these DINDs has not been clear for a long time. The missing correlation between the clinical symptoms and the radiological documented vasospasm of the large cerebral vessels made clear that the postulated vasospasm may not necessarily be the reason for that. It is more likely an inverse hemodynamic response, the cortical spreading ischemia (CSI), which is the point of interest for researchers.
The CSI is a wave of depolarization which spreads over the cortex and is followed by a long lasting critical vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries and a significant deficit of perfusion. This results in secondary health damages of the affected area. In contrast, the cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) of the intact cortex describes a neuronal wave of depolarization that leads to a hyperemia and is followed by a mild reduction of blood flow in the further process, without inflicting permanent damage of the affected tissue. Causative for the disrupted reaction of the vessel in CSI seems to be a combination of azidoes, elevated levels of potassium and a reduced level of NO, as it is typical for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Yet it is not fully clear which vasoactive stressors are responsible for the critical vasoconstriction and where these come from and what is the origin of these. The mechanism of CSD, respectively CSI seems to be of clinical relevance for a few neuronal morbidities as for example the migraine, the craniocerebral trauma and as mentioned, the SAH.
This study has been able to show that the endothelial layer plays a central role in the mechanism of the CSI. Using the model of the isolated artery, the reaction of the medial cerebral artery of male rats to a CSI like buffer could be tested. This buffer was developed by a Berlin research team and imitates the milieu, as it occurs during subarachnoid bleedings at the cerebral arteries. After building up the tonus and the functional testing of the artery, using standardized test reactions to elevated potassium, the experiments were started. The CSI buffer utilized, lead to a stable and significant vasodilatation, as it can be observed during CSD- induced hyperemia. As it was already shown in another study, we could demonstrate a CSI like vasoconstriction through unspecific NOS blockade with L-NNA. A functional testing for the endothelial layer was accomplished with a standardized dilatation to Acetylcholine. After unspecific NOS blockade the typical Vasodilatation after application of Acetylcholine could not be seen. As soon as these results could be demonstrated, the endothelial layer was functional damaged through air application over a certain point of time. The result was proven with a failed Acetylcholine reaction. To be sure the muscular layer of the vessel was still vital, the endothelial independent reaction to high potassium was tested. Similar to the experiment under NOS blockade a permanent vasoconstriction to the CSI buffer could be seen. Through the application of the Ca2+ canalblocker Nimodipin the initial vasodilatation to CSD could be reestablished. This endothelial independent Vasodilatation to Nimodipin as it was shown in this in vitro study could confirm the clinical benefit of this drug in the SAH therapy.
This study presents the important role of the endothelial layer for the mechanism of the CSI.
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Subarachnoid bleedings count as subtypes of strokes and mainly affect younger patients. The clinical symptoms are often severe. Especially secondary complications, as for example the delayed ischemic neuronal deficit mainly contribute to a bad clinical outcome for the patient. The cause for these DINDs has not been clear for a long time. The missing correlation between the clinical symptoms and the radiological documented vasospasm of the large cerebral vessels made clear that the postulated vas...
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