Quality control and conduct of genome-wide association meta-analyses.

Winkler, Thomas W; Day, Felix R; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C; Wood, Andrew R; Locke, Adam E; Mägi, Reedik; Ferreira, Teresa; Fall, Tove; Graff, Mariaelisa; Justice, Anne E; Luan, Jian'an; Gustafsson, Stefan; Randall, Joshua C; Vedantam, Sailaja; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O; Scherag, André; Esko, Tonu; Kutalik, Zoltán; Heid, Iris M; Loos, Ruth J F; Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium; Abecasis, Goncalo R; Absher, Devin; Alavere, Helene; Albrecht, Eva; Allen, Hana Lango; Almgren, Peter; Amin, Najaf; Amouyel, Philippe; Anderson, Denise; Arnold, Alice M; Arveiler, Dominique; Aspelund, Thor; Asselbergs, Folkert W; Assimes, Themistocles L; Atalay, Mustafa; Attwood, Antony P; Atwood, Larry D; Bakker, Stephan J L; Balkau, Beverley; Balmforth, Anthony J; Barlassina, Cristina; Barroso, Inês; Basart, Hanneke; Bauer, Sabrina; Beckmann, Jacques S; Beilby, John P; Bennett, Amanda J; Ben-Shlomo, Yoav; Bergman, Richard N; Bergmann, Sven; Berndt, Sonja I; Biffar, Reiner; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Boehm, Bernhard O; Boehnke, Michael; Boeing, Heiner; Boerwinkle, Eric; Bolton, Jennifer L; Bonnefond, Amélie; Bonnycastle, Lori L; Boomsma, Dorret I; Borecki, Ingrid B; Bornstein, Stefan R; Bouatia-Naji, Nabila; Boucher, Gabrielle; Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L; Brambilla, Paolo; Bruinenberg, Marcel; Buchanan, Thomas A; Buechler, Christa; Cadby, Gemma; Campbell, Harry; Caulfield, Mark J; Cavalcanti-Proença, Christine; Cesana, Giancarlo; Chanock, Stephen J; Chasman, Daniel I; Chen, Yii-Der Ida; Chines, Peter S; Clegg, Deborah J; Coin, Lachlan; Collins, Francis S; Connell, John M; Cookson, William; Cooper, Matthew N; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C; Cupples, L Adrienne; Cusi, Daniele; Day, Felix R; Day, Ian N M; Dedoussis, George V; Dei, Mariano; Deloukas, Panos; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T; Dimas, Antigone S; Dimitriou, Maria; Dixon, Anna L; Dörr, Marcus; van Duijn, Cornelia M; Ebrahim, Shah; Edkins, Sarah; Eiriksdottir, Gudny; Eisinger, Kristina; Eklund, Niina; Elliott, Paul; Erbel, Raimund; Erdmann, Jeanette; Erdos, Michael R; Eriksson, Johan G; Esko, Tõnu; Estrada, Karol; Evans, David M; de Faire, Ulf; Fall, Tove; Farrall, Martin; Feitosa, Mary F; Ferrario, Marco M; Ferreira, Teresa; Ferrières, Jean; Fischer, Krista; Fisher, Eva; Fowkes, Gerry; Fox, Caroline S; Franke, Lude; Franks, Paul W; Fraser, Ross M; Frau, Francesca; Frayling, Timothy; Freimer, Nelson B; Froguel, Philippe; Fu, Mao; Gaget, Stefan; Ganna, Andrea; Gejman, Pablo V; Gentilini, Davide; Geus, Eco J C; Gieger, Christian; Gigante, Bruna; Gjesing, Anette P; Glazer, Nicole L; Goddard, Michael E; Goel, Anuj; Grallert, Harald; Gräßler, Jürgen; Grönberg, Henrik; Groop, Leif C; Groves, Christopher J; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guiducci, Candace; Gustafsson, Stefan; Gyllensten, Ulf; Hall, Alistair S; Hall, Per; Hallmans, Göran; Hamsten, Anders; Hansen, Torben; Haritunians, Talin; Harris, Tamara B; van der Harst, Pim; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa; Hassanali, Neelam; Hattersley, Andrew T; Havulinna, Aki S; Hayward, Caroline; Heard-Costa, Nancy L; Heath, Andrew C; Hebebrand, Johannes; Heid, Iris M; den Heijer, Martin; Hengstenberg, Christian; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Hicks, Andrew A; Hingorani, Aroon; Hinney, Anke; Hirschhorn, Joel N; Hofman, Albert; Holmes, Christopher C; Homuth, Georg; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Hovingh, Kees G; Hu, Frank B; Hu, Yi-Juan; Huffman, Jennifer E; Hui, Jennie; Huikuri, Heikki; Humphries, Steve E; Hung, Joseph; Hunt, Sarah E; Hunter, David; Hveem, Kristian; Hyppönen, Elina; Igl, Wilmar; Illig, Thomas; Ingelsson, Erik; Iribarren, Carlos; Isomaa, Bo; Jackson, Anne U; Jacobs, Kevin B; James, Alan L; Jansson, John-Olov; Jarick, Ivonne; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Johansson, Åsa; Johnson, Toby; Jolley, Jennifer; Jørgensen, Torben; Jousilahti, Pekka; Jula, Antti; Justice, Anne E; Kaakinen, Marika; Kähönen, Mika; Kajantie, Eero; Kanoni, Stavroula; Kao, W H Linda; Kaplan, Lee M; Kaplan, Robert C; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kapur, Karen; Karpe, Fredrik; Kathiresan, Sekar; Kee, Frank; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M; Ketkar, Shamika; Kettunen, Johannes; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Kiemeney, Lambertus A; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O; Kinnunen, Leena; Kivimaki, Mika; Kivmaki, Mika; Van der Klauw, Melanie M; Kleber, Marcus E; Knowles, Joshua W; Koenig, Wolfgang; Kolcic, Ivana; Kolovou, Genovefa; König, Inke R; Koskinen, Seppo; Kovacs, Peter; Kraft, Peter; Kraja, Aldi T; Kristiansson, Kati; KrjutÅjkov, Kaarel; Kroemer, Heyo K; Krohn, Jon P; Krzelj, Vjekoslav; Kuh, Diana; Kulzer, Jennifer R; Kumari, Meena; Kutalik, Zoltán; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Kuusisto, Johanna; Kvaloy, Kirsti; Laakso, Markku; Laitinen, Jaana H; Lakka, Timo A; Lamina, Claudia; Langenberg, Claudia; Lantieri, Olivier; Lathrop, G Mark; Launer, Lenore J; Lawlor, Debbie A; Lawrence, Robert W; Leach, Irene M; Lecoeur, Cecile; Lee, Sang Hong; Lehtimäki, Terho; Leitzmann, Michael F; Lettre, Guillaume; Levinson, Douglas F; Li, Guo; Li, Shengxu; Liang, Liming; Lin, Dan-Yu; Lind, Lars; Lindgren, Cecilia M; Lindström, Jaana; Liu, Jianjun; Liuzzi, Antonio; Locke, Adam E; Lokki, Marja-Liisa; Loley, Christina; Loos, Ruth J F; Lorentzon, Mattias; Luan, Jian'an; Luben, Robert N; Ludwig, Barbara; Madden, Pamela A; Mägi, Reedik; Magnusson, Patrik K E; Mangino, Massimo; Manunta, Paolo; Marek, Diana; Marre, Michel; Martin, Nicholas G; März, Winfried; Maschio, Andrea; Mathieson, Iain; McArdle, Wendy L; McCaroll, Steven A; McCarthy, Anne; McCarthy, Mark I; McKnight, Barbara; Medina-Gomez, Carolina; Medland, Sarah E; Meitinger, Thomas; Metspalu, Andres; van Meurs, Joyce B J; Meyre, David; Midthjell, Kristian; Mihailov, Evelin; Milani, Lili; Min, Josine L; Moebus, Susanne; Moffatt, Miriam F; Mohlke, Karen L; Molony, Cliona; Monda, Keri L; Montgomery, Grant W; Mooser, Vincent; Morken, Mario A; Morris, Andrew D; Morris, Andrew P; Mühleisen, Thomas W; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Munroe, Patricia B; Musk, Arthur W; Narisu, Narisu; Navis, Gerjan; Neale, Benjamin M; Nelis, Mari; Nemesh, James; Neville, Matt J; Ngwa, Julius S; Nicholson, George; Nieminen, Markku S; Njølstad, Inger; Nohr, Ellen A; Nolte, Ilja M; North, Kari E; Nöthen, Markus M; Nyholt, Dale R; O'Connell, Jeffrey R; Ohlsson, Claes; Oldehinkel, Albertine J; van Ommen, Gert-Jan; Ong, Ken K; Oostra, Ben A; Ouwehand, Willem H; Palmer, Colin N A; Palmer, Lyle J; Palotie, Aarno; Paré, Guillaume; Parker, Alex N; Paternoster, Lavinia; Pawitan, Yudi; Pechlivanis, Sonali; Peden, John F; Pedersen, Nancy L; Pedersen, Oluf; Pellikka, Niina; Peltonen, Leena; Penninx, Brenda; Perola, Markus; Perry, John R B; Person, Thomas; Peters, Annette; Peters, Marjolein J; Pichler, Irene; Pietiläinen, Kirsi H; Platou, Carl G P; Polasek, Ozren; Pouta, Anneli; Power, Chris; Pramstaller, Peter P; Preuss, Michael; Price, Jackie F; Prokopenko, Inga; Province, Michael A; Psaty, Bruce M; Purcell, Shaun; Pütter, Carolin; Qi, Lu; Quertermous, Thomas; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Raitakari, Olli; Randall, Joshua C; Rauramaa, Rainer; Rayner, Nigel W; Rehnberg, Emil; Rendon, Augusto; Ridderstråle, Martin; Ridker, Paul M; Ripatti, Samuli; Rissanen, Aila; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Rivolta, Carlo; Robertson, Neil R; Rose, Lynda M; Rudan, Igor; Saaristo, Timo E; Sager, Hendrik; Salomaa, Veikko; Samani, Nilesh J; Sambrook, Jennifer G; Sanders, Alan R; Sandholt, Camilla; Sanna, Serena; Saramies, Jouko; Schadt, Eric E; Scherag, Andre; Schipf, Sabine; Schlessinger, David; Schreiber, Stefan; Schunkert, Heribert; Schwarz, Peter E H; Scott, Laura J; Shi, Jianxin; Shin, So-Youn; Shuldiner, Alan R; Shungin, Dmitry; Signorini, Stefano; Silander, Kaisa; Sinisalo, Juha; Skrobek, Boris; Smit, Jan H; Smith, Albert Vernon; Smith, George Davey; Snieder, Harold; Soranzo, Nicole; Sørensen, Thorkild I A; Sovio, Ulla; Spector, Timothy D; Speliotes, Elizabeth K; Stan?áková, Alena; Stark, Klaus; Stefansson, Kari; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur; Stephens, Jonathan C; Stirrups, Kathleen; Stolk, Ronald P; Strachan, David P; Strawbridge, Rona J; Stringham, Heather M; Stumvoll, Michael; Surakka, Ida; Swift, Amy J; Syvanen, Ann-Christine; Tammesoo, Mari-Liis; Teder-Laving, Maris; Teslovich, Tanya M; Teumer, Alexander; Theodoraki, Eirini V; Thomson, Brian; Thorand, Barbara; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Timpson, Nicholas John; Tönjes, Anke; Tregouet, David-Alexandre; Tremoli, Elena; Trip, Mieke D; Tuomi, Tiinamaija; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Tyrer, Jonathan; Uda, Manuela; Uitterlinden, André G; Usala, Gianluca; Uusitupa, Matti; Valle, Timo T; Vandenput, Liesbeth; Vatin, Vincent; Vedantam, Sailaja; de Vegt, Femmie; Vermeulen, Sita H; Viikari, Jorma; Virtamo, Jarmo; Visscher, Peter M; Vitart, Veronique; Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V; Voight, Benjamin F; Vollenweider, Peter; Volpato, Claudia B; Völzke, Henry; Waeber, Gérard; Waite, Lindsay L; Wallaschofski, Henri; Walters, G Bragi; Wang, Zhaoming; Wareham, Nicholas J; Watanabe, Richard M; Watkins, Hugh; Weedon, Michael N; Welch, Ryan; Weyant, Robert J; Wheeler, Eleanor; White, Charles C; Wichmann, H-Erich; Widen, Elisabeth; Wild, Sarah H; Willemsen, Gonneke; Willer, Cristen J; Wilsgaard, Tom; Wilson, James F; van Wingerden, Sophie; Winkelmann, Bernhard R; Winkler, Thomas W; Witte, Daniel R; Witteman, Jacqueline C M; Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R; Wong, Andrew; Wood, Andrew R; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie; Wright, Alan F; Yang, Jian; Yarnell, John W G; Zgaga, Lina; Zhao, Jing Hua; Zillikens, M Carola; Zitting, Paavo; Zondervan, Krina T     «

Winkler, Thomas W; Day, Felix R; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C; Wood, Andrew R; Locke, Adam E; Mägi, Reedik; Ferreira, Teresa; Fall, Tove; Graff, Mariaelisa; Justice, Anne E; Luan, Jian'an; Gustafsson, Stefan; Randall, Joshua C; Vedantam, Sailaja; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O; Scherag, André; Esko, Tonu; Kutalik, Zoltán; Heid, Iris M; Loos, Ruth J F; Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium; Abecasis, Goncalo R; Absher, Devin; Alavere, Helene; Albrecht, E...     »

Rigorous organization and quality control (QC) are necessary to facilitate successful genome-wide association meta-analyses (GWAMAs) of statistics aggregated across multiple genome-wide association studies. This protocol provides guidelines for (i) organizational aspects of GWAMAs, and for (ii) QC at the study file level, the meta-level across studies and the meta-analysis output level. Real-world examples highlight issues experienced and solutions developed by the GIANT Consortium that has conducted meta-analyses including data from 125 studies comprising more than 330,000 individuals. We provide a general protocol for conducting GWAMAs and carrying out QC to minimize errors and to guarantee maximum use of the data. We also include details for the use of a powerful and flexible software package called EasyQC. Precise timings will be greatly influenced by consortium size. For consortia of comparable size to the GIANT Consortium, this protocol takes a minimum of about 10 months to complete.     «

Rigorous organization and quality control (QC) are necessary to facilitate successful genome-wide association meta-analyses (GWAMAs) of statistics aggregated across multiple genome-wide association studies. This protocol provides guidelines for (i) organizational aspects of GWAMAs, and for (ii) QC at the study file level, the meta-level across studies and the meta-analysis output level. Real-world examples highlight issues experienced and solutions developed by the GIANT Consortium that has cond...     »