Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is followed by a cellular reaction of the damaged neurons, the adjacent glia and the local environment. This reaction proceeds through different stages to a reorganisation of the nervous tissue, aiming ultimatively at maintaining the integrity of the CNS and enabling neural regeneration. Change of the cellular adhesion and proliferation are important for the remodelling process of the brain parenchyma after injury. However the molecular mechanisms of this reaction are only beginning to be understood. The present study describes the cellular regulation of integrin cell adhesion molecules in the brain and in vitro, and the control of the proliferation of the many integrin expressing microglia in cell culture. Following peripheral transection of the facial nerve, there are marked nuclear changes in integrin-immunoreactivity. This injury leads to a strong increase of different integrins on the axotomized neurons, the microglia, the blood vessel endothelia and lymphocytes, each with a charateristic time course. Neurons upregulate the constitutively expressed b1 integrin subunit on their cell body and on growth cones of regeneration nerve cells. Activated microglia show a strong increase in a4b1, a5b1, a6b1, aMb2 and aXb2 with different pattern depending on the stage of activation. At the time of neuronal cell death, there is the influx of a4b1, a4b7 and aLb2-positive lymphocytes and an increase in the microvascular integrin a5b1. The endothelial integrin a6b1, and a4b1 on astrocytes in the white matter remained unchanged. The morphology and integrin pattern of the ramified microglia in cell culture resembled the microglia in the normal brain. Hence, this culture method is suitable to study the control of the early microglial activation phenomena like proliferation. Here, only the classical macrophage mitogens, MCSF, GMCSF and IL3, were able to stimulate the proliferation of ramified microglia. Most of the remaining cytokines (IL2, IL4, IL10, IFNg and TNFa) lead to an inhibition. Some cytokines showed different effects on cultured, ramified microglia and microglia-derived macrophages. These differences point to the importance of carefully defining the cellular activation stage when studying the influence substances have on microglia in vitro. Staging by integrin immunoreactivity provides an easy to use tool. Microglia showed a strong increase in many different integrin subunits following facial nerve axotomy. These intrinsic, immunocompetent cells of the CNS react to different types of injury with a rather stereotypical pattern, with is tailored to fight infection and phagocytose neural debris. In the present study, peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a component of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria, lead to a strong activation of the microglia in vivo. In morphology an integrin expression pattern the LPS-stmulated microglia resembled the late activation pattern seen after facial nerve transection in the vincinity of phagocytotic, microglial nodules surrounding dead neurons. The LPS activation model can easily be transferred into cell culture. Here, LPS results in a simular morphological reaction and a similar change in integrin immunoreactivity of the cultured, ramified microglia. However, neither LPS nor any of the cytokines tested, was able to change the morphology of the ramified microglia to round macrophagesin in vivo or in vitro, and none could induce the phagocytosis-associated integrins. This points to the specific effect of neural debris on the microglia and the stabilty of their ramified phenotype.
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Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is followed by a cellular reaction of the damaged neurons, the adjacent glia and the local environment. This reaction proceeds through different stages to a reorganisation of the nervous tissue, aiming ultimatively at maintaining the integrity of the CNS and enabling neural regeneration. Change of the cellular adhesion and proliferation are important for the remodelling process of the brain parenchyma after injury. However the molecular mechanisms of th...
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